Alienation Exposed in Richard Wrights Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

Alienation Exposed in Black Boy From the early days of Richards childhood, Richard was always estrange from his environment. Even though he tried to distance himself from the prejudice all around him, the white hoi polloi still tried to turn him into the stereotypical Confederate colour person. However, throughout the story Richard is also estrange by his profess people and perhaps even more then from the white people. Richard was always a rebel, from his boyhood to his older teenage years. Richards grandmother was always excessively beating him. From the beginning, Richard would not subdue himself to the white man like the other black people around. The white people knew that he was different from other black men. Whites were scared because Richard challenged the system that they had created to insure white supremacy. They feared Richard, and some of the white people felt it inevitable to act out their racist feelings in order to cover up their fear. White coworkers beat Richard because his boss was kind to him. Richard later had to leave a satisfactory job because those racist co-workers would kill him. When the principal at Richards school had asked Richard to slip away a speech to a large audience of white and black people, Richard refused to read the principals prepared speech. By reading the principals speech, Richard was saying what the white power wanted him to say and to Richard this would be well-favoured in to the very thing he hated so much. Richard was go forthing to leave school without a diploma instead of this. White people alienated Richard from his environment because he did not accept the way of life that other black people did. Richards relatives never understood Richard and because of this he was alienated from his family and his own people. Shorty is the young black boy who gets beat by the white people and jokes about it. Richard hates Shorty because he accepts what Richard finds so disgusting. Richard goes over in his mind the different choices he can make to deal with the feelings he has. Richard does not want to give in and be a slave to the white people. He would never give in and become a slave because he has hated that idea since day one. Richard contemplates transferring his hatred and frustration out on other blacks, but knows that will not aid the situation.

Moral or Immoral Essay -- Martin Luther King Essays

Moral or ImmoralIn Martin Luther pouf Jr.s attempt, A Letter from Birmingham Jail he compares the issues of Moral acts verses Immoral acts. This essay was written in response to a letter some clergymen had written after a direct action march Dr. King had participated in. In their letter the clergymen had praised the local police officers and media for the nonviolent and calm manner in which the situation was handled. It was this praise that prompted Dr King to write I have tried to make clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends.The starting of this statement refers to the idea of using violence to get the result that you feel you deserve. The second part to this statement refers to doing the right thing to ensure that an injustice give prevail. It is this issue of moral verses immoral that Doctor King bases.The first example of the mora lity issue Dr. King raises is a just constabulary, verses an unjust law. In his essay Dr King describes to his readers the difference between the two. A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. Here Doctor King is defending his belief that there is a moral issue in some laws. He defends his statement by giving an example of Germany during the Nazi rule. King discusses what Hit...

My Biggest Adventure :: Personal Narratives Flagstaff Essays

My Biggest Adventure To start off my story I was born and raised in the selfsame(prenominal) city my unblemished life. I grew up in the same neighborhood and even the same accommodate, never to fully experience the sensation of moving into a new house or having to make new friends at a several(predicate) civilize. Some may say I was lucky I never had to move, but trench d aver in my heart I always wanted to be that new kid and feel see what it feels like. Worst of every(prenominal), my schools I had attended were completely about ten minutes away from my house every last(predicate) of them. School never truly was one of my interests and because of that I never really studied and did provision in class instead of listening to my teachers. I just did enough to graduate from my high school and do it with grades I belief were gratifying. And of course they were acceptable enough for an acceptance letter from my first choice school, Northern Arizona University.Before I knew it, I had graduated from high school and I was preparing myself for my tour to college. I had no idea what to expect from the people and the life style I was about to encounter. One part of me felt tragicomic that I was passing to leave a lifestyle that I had be pursue so accustomed to, while another part of me felt relieved that I was finally exit to be on my own and have a freedom I have not experienced before. Finally my summer had come to end and I was packing my car for the long journey ahead of me and a new chapter in the book of my life. I started to think about all those things I was go forth behind and those things that were ahead of me. I knew that my life was about to change dramatically I was going to be living on my own in a new environment not knowing a single person or having someone to hang out with.Out of everything that is different in range pole I would have to say that the weather is the most noticeable. In Southern California the weather is the most neutral compared to the rest of the fall in States. We have buoyant warm days all year long so in a way one could say that it is summer all year long.My Biggest Adventure Personal Narratives Flagstaff EssaysMy Biggest Adventure To start off my story I was born and raised in the same city my entire life. I grew up in the same neighborhood and even the same house, never to fully experience the sensation of moving into a new house or having to make new friends at a different school. Some may say I was lucky I never had to move, but deep down in my heart I always wanted to be that new kid and feel see what it feels like. Worst of all, my schools I had attended were only about ten minutes away from my house all of them. School never really was one of my interests and because of that I never really studied and did homework in class instead of listening to my teachers. I just did enough to graduate from my high school and do it with grades I thought were acceptable. And o f course they were acceptable enough for an acceptance letter from my first choice school, Northern Arizona University.Before I knew it, I had graduated from high school and I was preparing myself for my journey to college. I had no idea what to expect from the people and the life style I was about to encounter. One part of me felt sad that I was going to leave a lifestyle that I had become so accustomed to, while another part of me felt relieved that I was finally going to be on my own and have a freedom I have not experienced before. Finally my summer had come to end and I was packing my car for the long journey ahead of me and a new chapter in the book of my life. I started to think about all those things I was leaving behind and those things that were ahead of me. I knew that my life was about to change dramatically I was going to be living on my own in a new environment not knowing a single person or having someone to hang out with.Out of everything that is different in Fl agstaff I would have to say that the weather is the most noticeable. In Southern California the weather is the most neutral compared to the rest of the United States. We have sunny warm days all year long so in a way one could say that it is summer all year long.

Essay example --

Ben DischertFebruary 22 2014Research paper J.C. Watts is having a very enkindle life. He won the orangeness bowl as child his uncle was state president of NAACP. J.C. played in the Canadian Football League CFL. Won the Orange bowl and had a in the Congress. He was even a Baptist minister. Heres the life of Julius Caesar Watts Watts was born in Oklahoma on November 9, 1957. He grew up with 5 other siblings Melvin, Lawrence, Mildred, Gwen and Darlene. J.C. was the second oldest. His parents were Helen and Buddy Watts. When Watts was little, his uncle Wade was state NAACP president of Oklahoma. When Watts started grade school, he was one of the first black kids to go to that school. After reservation it into high school, he told a story of when he made it on the varsity football team as a quarter bandaging but he was the second string. He got so mad about this. He quit the team and went home to tell his dad. But after talking to his dad .J.C. went back to his coach and asked if he could rejoin the team, the coach said yes. Once the coach put him in a game t...

Focalization in Richard Wrights :: essays research papers fc

Focalization in Richard Wrights Bright and Morning superstar1.     Introduction                                        32.     Narration                                             4 3.     Focalization                                        5 - 64.     Conclusion                              &n bsp         65.     Bibliography                                        71. IntroductionThe presentation of events in narratology differs greatly with the tendency of the text. Certain events would seem less veritable if they were to be presented in a third-person narrative, other events just cant be set forth objectively within a archetypal-person narrative. Sometimes the events call for a non-involved description but on the other hand are too personal not to include thoughts and views of the character. In this case a different horizon is needed to view the events, not to describe them. For analytical purposes one can assume that the different aspects on narration are chosen for reason by theimplied author, a substitute ingredient which is "the governing consc iousness of the work as a whole." (Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction Contemporary Poetics, London / New York, 1983). This agent therefore presents the events through the mediation of a certain perspective, the focalizer, and verbalizes them through a different agent, the bank clerk. The analysis of both narrator and focalizer can give further insights into the purpose of a story and can help to overcome hermeneutical differences in the interpretation.I will begin my narratological analysis of Richard Wrights Bright and Morning Star with the aspect of the narrator and his role and purpose in the interpretation. Since the aspect of narration is not my main topic I will keep the analysis short and in discipline relation to the focalizer. I will then concentrate on the aspect of focalization and the different levels of pervasion of the focalized. The degree to which the lead character is focalized can be directly related to aspects of interpretation and certain linguistic f eatures which I will specify. I will then conclude my analysis by showing that the described aspects serve to evoke a certain perspective and atmosphere and are therefore useful for contextual interpretation.2. NarrationIn Richard Wrights Bright and Morning Star the events are mediated through a third-person narrator who describes events past to him. Using the terminology of Rimmon-Kenan the narrating agent can be classified as an subterraneous extra-diegetic, heterodiegetic narrator. The first aspect defining the narrator is the relationship between narration and story, the time when the story is being narrated. The most frequent form is the narration of events after they happened, the ulterior narration, as in Bright and Morning Star. The use of the past tense is the most prominent indication of an ulterior narration.

Focalization in Richard Wrights :: essays research papers fc

Focalization in Richard Wrights Bright and sunup Star1.     Introduction                                        32.     Narration                                             4 3.     Focalization                                        5 - 64.      finding                                & nbsp       65.     Bibliography                                        71. IntroductionThe presentation of events in narratology differs greatly with the purpose of the text. Certain events would seem less au thustic if they were to be presented in a third-person narrative, early(a)(a) events just cant be delimitated objectively within a first-person narrative. Sometimes the events call for a non-involved description but on the other hand are too personal not to include thoughts and views of the character. In this case a different perspective is needed to view the events, not to describe them. For analytical purposes one can assume that the different purviews on narration are chosen for reason by theimplied author, a substitute actor which is "the governing consciousnes s of the work as a whole." (Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction Contemporary Poetics, London / New York, 1983). This agent therefore presents the events through the mediation of a reliable perspective, the focalizer, and verbalizes them through a different agent, the narrator. The analysis of both narrator and focalizer can give further insights into the purpose of a story and can encourage to overcome hermeneutical differences in the interpretation.I will begin my narratological analysis of Richard Wrights Bright and Morning Star with the aspect of the narrator and his role and purpose in the interpretation. Since the aspect of narration is not my main topic I will keep the analysis short and in direct relation to the focalizer. I will then concentrate on the aspect of focalization and the different levels of pervasion of the focalized. The degree to which the lead character is focalized can be directly related to aspects of interpretation and authoritative linguistic f eatures which I will specify. I will then conclude my analysis by showing that the described aspects serve to evoke a certain perspective and atmosphere and are therefore useful for contextual interpretation.2. NarrationIn Richard Wrights Bright and Morning Star the events are mediated through a third-person narrator who describes events past to him. Using the terminology of Rimmon-Kenan the narrating agent can be classified as an ulterior extra-diegetic, heterodiegetic narrator. The first aspect defining the narrator is the affinity between narration and story, the time when the story is being narrated. The most frequent form is the narration of events after they happened, the ulterior narration, as in Bright and Morning Star. The use of the past tense is the most prominent indication of an ulterior narration.

Final Study Guide for Livanis Intl 1101

INTL 1101 Final Exam Study Guide Americanization Consumerism, individualism American products and values Cultural imperialism? Trying to homogenize world? McDonaldization Fast-food principles dominant in American and other societies Uniform standards Lack of human creativity Dehumanization of well-disposed relations Infantilization Benjamin Barber consumed Against ethos of infantilization that sustains global capitalism Turning of adults into children by dumbed down advertising and consumer goods Targeting children as consumers Homogeneous global products for young and wealthy, and for children = soulless and unethical global consumerism in pursuit of profit Cultural homogenization more than alike theory of effects of globalization westbound tillage industry Homogenization of popular culture Can be wi cut down western societies (McDonaldization) merchandise for loyalties Regulation of communications to organize cartels of imagery Domestic broadcast regulation m aintains distribution of power National identity reframed to governmental views and cultural attitudes that maintain actual power structure Facilitates predominance of one ideology Cultural imperialism World patterns of cultural flow, mirror the system of domination in world economic and political order Not confined to the west see Mexico, Brazil (Latin America), India (East Asia), Hong Kong, Taiwan (China) Sustainable development Long-term economic growth depends on c arful stewardship of the earthy environment Environmentalists Liberalization= unequal economic growth, resources for debt, competition (race to the bottom), increase contaminant, unsustainable consumption of resources, political unrest Free distribute Trade promotes growth and alleviates poverty= environmental benefits Elimination of trade barriers= increased value of resources Environmental progress is easier to achieve under conditions of prosperity Deterritiorlization of religion Primarily caused by migration The case of Islam Muslim Ummah Re-islamisation as deculturalisation of Islam (not linked to a particular pristine culture, global Islam) Quest for definition Islam to fit both culture By bridging the gap between secularism and religiosity, Fundamentalism overstretches religion to the bit that it cannot become embedded in real cultureFree trade and the environment Technological Change and Disease Transportation Short term travel 940 one thousand cardinal tourists Meningitis 70,000 pilgrims to Mecca every yr, secondary pandemics upon return Expensive affections in developing countries and eradicated diseases in developed countries Medical technologies Greater collaboration, more information BUT, new technologies can be mischievously used Ebola in DRC, AIDS epidemics in China from unsterilized needles Demographic Change and Disease Population mobility Conditions that lead people to move are the similar that favor the emergence of infections (poverty, ove rcrowding, unsanitary conditions, tell failure) Refugees sanitation, food, healthcare 50,000 dead in a month (Rwanda, 1994) Haiti cholera from Nepal? (4,800 mortalities) Long-term migration Disease to non-immune populations, and transfer of new disease back home Eradicated diseases re-introduced Migrant workers in Africa (AIDS epidemics) Urbanization Megacities=mega col orbiculate economy and disease Global trade IMF/structural adjustments and liberalization reduces the role of governments ( closelyly in providing healthcare) Trade in food Change in dietary habits, convergence of tastes Demand for family-round availability of fresh fruit and vegetables Products from less expensive labor markets, universal ingredients and transport Food whitethorn be contaminated Unhygienic irrigation, packaging practices, storage, non-indigenous crops more susceptible to indigenous pathogens E-coli in Germany 2,800 affected, 26 dead (91 in EU) angry Cow Disease Environmental c hange and disease Climate change-global warming Higher ambient air temperature, precipitation/humidity (mosquitoes) Water supply-dams etc Profound bionomic changes that affects disease vectors-most dams associated with increase in malaria Deforestation Increases contact between humans and pathogens Decreases natural predators of disease vectors Increases in malaria (runoff piddle stagnant in pools) Loss of biodiversity international jihad and McWorld Dialectical nature one cannot exist without the other Babel retribalization Global jihad against globalization Disneyland Globalizations jihad and McWorld make war on the sovereign nation state Indifference to civil liberty McWorld, focus on consumption and invisible hand for customary good (rather than democratic institutions), repeal government regulations Jihad, bloody governing of identity, exclusion and hatred, paternalism and tribalism Neither global markets nor blood communities service public goods or pursue equality and justice Future? In the short run Jihad likely to dominate? In the long run McWorld dominates? Convergence of political ideologies? Triumph of liberalism? Convergence of political cultures? Triumph of Western individualism? Or greater divergence and even conflict? Ethnicity High ethnic solidarity willing to redistribute resources within the group No master list what several(predicate)iates groups in one roll may not be primary(prenominal) in another Example in Serbia, common language and culture, but religion divides (Hutu and Tutsi) Ethnicity as a amicable constructionnot inherently political Ethnic identity Any specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally unlike from others Language, religion, geography, customs, history, and others Ascriptionan identity assigned at birth Largely fixed during our lives Clash of civilizations Samuel Huntington The Clash of Civilizations The next world war, if there is one, w ill be a war between civilizations De-Westernization and indigenization of societies Hinduization of India and Islamic fundamentalism (Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Turkey) The Confucian-Islamic connection Kin-country syndrome (Bosnia, Iraq) Civilizations do not control states states control civilizations Interpreted the same events as Fukuyama, but made very different conclusions Outlined 7 main cultures (and a possible 8th) equates culture with religion people who share ethnicity and language but differ in religion may slaughter each other, as happened in Lebanon, the former Yugoslavia, and the Subcontinent. 1. Western 2. Confucian 3. Japanese 4. Islamic 5. Hindu 6. Slavic-Orthodox 7. Latin American 8. Possibly African why will they clash? Differences are both real and basic (fundamental) World petiteer due to globalization Nation-state as source of identity grows weaker fundamentalistic religion grows stronger Backlash against West enhances civilization consciousness Cult ural differences less easily compromised than political and economic ones (can you be both Catholic and Muslim? ) economical regionalism is growing Result unable to mobilize support for governments based on ideology, turn to religion and civilization identity Environmentalism and the developing south Collectivity Irreducibility Characteristics of environmental issues complexness Interpenetration, pollution down the road. Temporal and spatial uncertainty What will happen in the future, how much is it going to affect us. Irreducibility Holistic in nature, we cannot approach yet one part, we obtain to consider them as a whole. Spontaneity Things tend to happen fast especially in environmental disasters. Collectivity Collective action problems, common pool resources, shirking/free-riding Chinese triad Food certificate All people at all times have physical and economic overture to sufficient, self-nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an act ive and healthy demeanor. (UNs Food and Agriculture Organization) Peak oil, detail water, peak phosphorus, peak grain, and peak fish Green revolution Problems in beginning of 20th c not producing enough food to feed expanding population Green Revolution 1950-1984 using of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains Expansion of irrigation infrastructure Hybridized seeds & Synthetic fertilizers & Pesticides to farmers in developing countries Transformed agriculture around the globe World awkward production more than manifold (world grain production increased by 250%) Increased fossil go off-based energy use inseparable gas (for production of synthetic fertilizers) Oil (for development of pesticides) Hydrocarbon fuelled irrigation Unsustainable? (Malthusian argument) may not necessarily increase food security (other political causes) Promotion of monocultures, hurt vs malnutrition Benefited wealthier farmers at the expense of poorer ones = urban migration Extens ive use and abuse of pesticides and fertilizers associated with electronegative health effects (cancer) Land abjection, soil nutrients depletion Earths carrying capacity No one knows The Future of Food Film watched in class, google if cant remember GMOs Montreal Protocol The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs)Arms Trade Treaty 2003, Control Arms lean was launched (Control arm. org) 2006, Control Arms handed over a global petition called Million Faces to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan 2006 2006, 153 states vote resolution 61/89 requesting the UN Secretary-General to strain the views of Member States (U. S. votes against, national controls better) 2009, UN General Assembly launches a time frame for the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty. U. S. osition overturned 2-27 July, 2012 ( sunrise(prenominal) York) Currently under final negotiations anticipate states to have national mechanisms for express authorization of international transfers of arms Prohibit transfers of arms that could violate human rights and international law Treaty Failure linked States said it needed more time to review the short, 11-page treaty text (Obama administration torpedoed the treaty exactly one week after the massacre in Aurora, Colorado) Not to export weapons to countries that are under an arms embargo, or to export weapons that would facilitate the commission of g enocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or other violations of international humanitarian law. Exports of arms are banned if they will facilitate gender-based violence or violence against children or be used for transnational organized crime. The sides, now Nearly great hundred countries, led by Mexico, issued a joint didactics on Monday saying the overwhelming majority of (U. N. ) Member States agree with us on the necessity and the necessity of adopting a strong Arms Trade Treaty.Our voice must be heard. The five permanent Security Council members the united States, Britain, France, China and Russia issued their own joint statement of support for a treaty that sets the highest possible common standards by which states will regulate the international transfer of conventional arms. Important Points Ammunition. Exports of ammunition are cover in the draft treaty but not imports. Self-defense. Some major arms-importing states (Middle East), expressed concern tha t their ability to import weapons could suffer if the treaty comes into force. Exemptions. There are a issuance of scenarios under which arms deals would be exempt in the current draft, such as defense cooperation agreements (India) and gifts, loans and leases of weapons. Reporting. Current draft says countries will despatch reports to the U. N. on their international arms trade but does not call for them to be made public. China, Iran and others do not want that information disseminated openly. The NRA says the treaty would weaken gun ownership rights under the Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. MalnourishmentObstacles to cooperation on environmental issues (regime, actor, general) National Identity National identity is inherently political Defined as a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations Often, but not always, develops from existing ethnic identity Sense enhancers common land history, territory, culture, economy, rights Why form? Ethnic group may feel oppressed Ethnic group may form a minority population These conditions may call for self-government Boat people Ozone success The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandated that industrialized countries reduce their production and use of the five most widely used CFCs by 50 percent. Delegates agree to give developing countries a ten-year grace period, allowing them to increase their use of CFCs before taking on commitments New scientific secern late 1987 scientists announced that CFCs probably were responsible for the ozone hole 1988, satellite data revealed that stratospheric ozone above the heavily populated Northern Hemisphere had begun to thin Changes in the pattern of economic interests Du Pont announced that they would soon be able to produce CFC substitutes Followed the next year by other large chemic manufacturers, including several in Europe Major producers no longer opposed a CFC phase-out Lobbie d for extended transition periods and against controls on potential substitutes Particularly hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)a class of CFC substitutes that deplete ozone but at a significantly reduced rate. The ozone regime stands as the strongest and most effective global environmental regime. The oecumenic consumption of CFCs, which was about 1. million tons in 1986, was approximately 100,000 tons in 2010. Without the Montreal Protocol, global CFC consumption would have reached about 3 million tons in 2010 and 8 million tons in 2060, resulting in a 50 percent depletion of the ozone layer by 2035 HCFCs, and HFCs, are now idea to contribute to anthropogenic global warming Up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phaseout of HCFCs by 2030 (does not place any restriction on HFCs) Restaveks (or stay-withs) 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti Forced Unpaid Overcropping Deplete soil by co ntinuously growing crops on it Overpopulation Carrying capacity Estimates vary widely Inadequate fresh water Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination Deforestation and loss of ecosystems Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification mount species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to lash-and-burn techniques (140,000 species lost per year High infant and child mortality. Intensive industrial soil evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations. Unhygienic living(a) conditions Increased levels of warfare Elevated crime rate Less Personal Freedom / More Restrictive Laws. Demographic Transition If standard of living and life expect ancy increase, family sizes and birth rates decline Later ages of marriage, careers outside child rearing and domestic work, decreased need of children in industrialized settings Led to increased worry about aging populations and decreased worry about future impact of population growth BUT, after a certain level of development the fertility increases again Fertility-opportunity hypothesis Food vs. fuel Precision farming Soil erosion dropped, no-till seed planting Drip irrigation, level fields (eliminate runoff) Global positioning efficient harvest, less chemicals Citizenship Citizenship individuals or groups relationship to the state Swear allegiance to the state State provides benefits sight have obligations in return Ethnicity is fixed but citizenship is not Can be changed by individual or state Potentially more comprehensive concept than ethnicity or national identity Three (ethnicity, citizenship, national identity) are often connectedan ethnic group forms the nat ion, and they represent the citizens of a country patriotism Nationalism as a pride in ones people and belief in sovereign destiny Seek to create or preserve ones own nation (political group) with an independent state Sovereignty is thus key Example Great Britain Governments determine nationality 1707 The United Kingdom came into existence Yet there was no British nation since the people of the face isles were thinking of themselves as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish. Propagation of the dominant English culture and language through the years created a sense of English identity. During the 19th century non-English cultures were suffocated. Global fundamentalism Return to traditional religious values as a reaction to modernity and global culture Restoration of sacred tradition as basis for society Cultural authenticity vs universalizing global culture Global phenomenon Modern phenomenon Fundamentalism vs globalization or fundamentalism as part of globalization? AIDS P eaked in 2005 with 3. 4 million deaths 35 million infect 14,500 new infections daily Approximately 8000 deaths daily (3million/year) 90% new infections in Global South Global responses Millennium Development Goal 6 combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Government-subsidized antiretroviral medications (Brazil, Argentina etc) Samaritans Purse The importance of Global Health Partnerships Improving access to medicines Financing health activities BUT, in general vertical (focus on specific diseases, and development/distribution of medicines) Retroactive does not focus on improving health care systems and primary care Multiplicity of donors and actors not align with government priorities International Organized Crime Effort to exploit mechanisms of globalization Transportation and communications technology Aided by deregulation Possible through corruption of authorities, unethical practices of individuals and corporations Extremely large profits (and high risk) Global cities are main areas of activity (New York, London, Tokyo, etc. ) Using financial services to secrete criminal activities Defy the state, offer parallel black market structure Deforestation Increases contact between humans and pathogens Decreases natural predators of diseases vectors Increases in malaria (runoff water stagnant in pools) (mosquitos) Loss of biodiversity Arms Trafficking Lack of international treaty regulating legal arms trade Illegal arms trade Arms fuel conflict and crime $60 billion a year industry Lack of transparent data UN attempt to crush illicit trade of small arms Cold struggle Preoccupation with nuclear arms control Small arms were not as widely disseminated End of Cold War Small arms surplus Warsaw Pact/NATO upgrades Difficulty in negotiations? U. S. position Nuclear weapons easier to negotiate Human trafficking Labor trafficking Sex trafficking Victims are primarily women and children Organ trafficking Trafficking of bab ies and pregnant women Baby farm in Nigeria sold for illegal adoption or for use in ritual witchcraft Child Soldiers slaveholding A slave is a human being forced to work through fraud or threat of violence for no pay beyond subsistence. (Benjamin Skinner) Do you want a job? Modern slavery More slaves now than ever before in history, 27 million Each year 50,000 children and teenagers enter the US against their will for purposes of sexual slavery (CIA est. ) Over 2 million trafficked slaves forced into prostitution and labor around the world 10 million slaves in South Asia (many through more than one generations) until they pay off their debt 300,000 children in domestic bondage in Haiti Small arms Over fractional a million people are killed each year with small arms across the world In the United States 34,000 people are killed per year by small arms The cost of small arms on public health, in Latin America at 14% of gross domestic product, 10% of GDP in Brazil, and 25% of GDP in Colombia. Registered homicide rates for Colombia, the United States, Brazil, and Venezuela among males aged 1524 have doubled in the last ten yearsMonocultures The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years. It is widely used in modern industrial agriculture and its implementation has allowed for large harvests from minimal labor. Monocultures can lead to the quicker spread of diseases, where a uniform crop is susceptible to a pathogen Sustainable agriculture http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture Environmental change and conflict http//www. accord. org. za/downloads/ct/ct_2011_2. pdf Environmental security Environmental change is an important source of social conflict Many societies face more dangers from environmental change than from traditional military threats Security policies must be redefined to take aim of these new realities Only by framing the environmental problem in security terms can the necessary level of governmental attention and social mobilization be ensured Security institutions could contribute directly to environmental protection, given their financial resources, monitoring and intelligence-gathering capabilities, and scientific and technological expertise Is there enough evidence to support the claim that ecological change is, or will be, a major new source of conflict? Proponents Environmental scarcities are already impart to violent conflicts in many parts of the developing world. These conflicts are probably the early signs of an upsurge of violence in the coming decades that will be induce or aggravated by scarcity Opponents Environmental problems are a symptom of conflict-prone social systems rather than a root cause of conflict be the advantages of linking environmental problems to security concerns worth the risk of militarizing a societys responses to environmental problems? Risks undercuttin g the globalist and common fate understanding that may be necessary to solve the problem If pollution a national security problem, then pollution by other countries worse than home born It is analytically misleading to think of environmental degradation as a national security threat. Environmental degradation and violence are very different types of threats Organizations that provide protection from violence differ greatly from those in environmental protection Military organizations are secretive, extremely hierarchical and centralized, and normally deploy vastly expensive, highly specialized and advanced technologies Is environmental security an idea with more appeal in the North than the South? An excuse to continue the Norths longstanding practice of military and economic intervention Focus on the South is a way for the North to deny its own responsibility Calls to link the environment with security raise deep suspicions about ulterior motives Concern, contractual enviro nment, capacity da fuk? Fertility opportunity hypothesis Fertility follows perceived economic opportunity Against food aid, and development Transnational organized crime groups flow above and below the state Create demand Reach to the marginalized, impoverished and other losers of globalization Use market strategies Hierarchically structured Strategic alliances investment/laundering capital New growth areas (ex. umping toxic waste in developing countries and then negotiating lucrative contracts for the cleanup industry) R&D Modern history systems, information technologies, insuring against risk Global health partnerships Global food crisis Enough food in the world to feed everyone but 925 million people accept hunger 2/3 of these people are in Asia and the Pacific region Highest concentrations in India, China, DRC, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia 5 million children under 5 die of hunger in developing countries Charity may help immediate problem but i s no long-term sustainable solution Causes for food crisis 1 Natural disasters Floods, tropical storms, and, especially, long droughts More common and more intense (global warming) Wars Population displacement Famine used as a weapon Fields and water wells mined or contaminated Poverty trap Lack of seed money, land and agricultural education Trapped in poverty by hunger Causes for food crisis 2 Lack of agricultural infrastructure Lack of roads, irrigation systems, warehouses Emphasis on urban development Overexploitation of the environment Poor farming practices Deforestation Overcropping Overgrazing Economic downturns FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Policy and technical assistance to developing countries for food security, nutrition and agriculture Forum for negotiation of agreements and public debate on policies Fukuyama (the end of history) Francis Fukuyama, The End of History The triumph of the Westan unabashed victory of economic & political liberalism& the total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism. Liberal democracy will make the world safer Democracies do not go to war against each other Globalization interdependence Great religion in International Organizations Washington Consensus Critics Environmentalists Marxists Anarco-capitalism Etc.

Unilever in Brazil

The Importance for cleanliness and to make clothes smell veracious has lead to growing penetration of the detergent pulverization portrays a cultural influence on the consumers buying behavior. The various reasons that the consumers menti superstard for using detergent powder is described in Exhibit . Attribute Importance, Brand Positioning, And Consumer Expectations In the North East Exhibit 1 Source milliner Research Cleanliness which has a 24% Importance helps to determine the motivation of the consumers they believe that cleanliness Is part of their mixer status It withal caters to heir need for being part of the society.Only 28% kinsfolk own a backwash tool and the rest 72% households washing attitude (behavior) is to scrub the clothes with slipstream soap and then add bl to each one to remove sticker stains and totally add a little detergent powder at the end to make the clothes smell good. So their perception about detergent powder Is that It Is only for good smell. In the EN, masses consider washing clothes as more of a leisure activity because the activity is generally taken up alfresco (physical environment), in the nearby ponds where tribe behind socialize amongst each opposite.This is an Important aspect of the culture of EN, which differentiates it from the concourse of SE. As the social needs (Moscows hierarchy of needs theory) of the people are reflected in cloth-washing activity. The influences of mother in the decision making process is substantial in the case of detergents(FMC). Moreover the frequency of washing clothes is spicyer as they believe that cleanliness of clothes reflect on the responsibility taking behavior of the mother. Low income consumers were attached to boxes and regarded anything else as good for only second-rate products. mum is positioned specifically to be used in gashing machine which shows that it is targeted for the people belonging to a higher social class. Southeast Region The lifestyle of people of this region is better than EN which is evident from the 67% of households owning a washing machine. The washing attitude Is more using a machine than hand wash. thereof the consumption of detergent powder Is more as against EN. Their learning from the washing experience is that hard stains are not cleaned in a washing machine in spite of using the most expensive Ana Test product. So teen need to use laundry soaps Tort cleaning ten tough stains on collars.This behavior has led to an 88. % penetration of laundry soaps. Players and ticks in brazil nut and their strategy Milliner is the leading player in the detergents industry with a merchandise grapple of 81%, with the detergent division in the cash-cow phase (as outlined in the BCC harvest-home- food market share matrix), helping the company generate funds to fuel the growth of its upcoming segments of home-care and personal-care products, which were still at a nascent stage. The market structure could be considered as a duop oly, with Milliner and P&G as the study players in the organized market.The market has been broadly categorized into the detergent odder and the laundry soap segments. The former is predominantly used in the SE part, while people in the EN used it in little metre to make the fabric smell good. Hence, the growth of this segment was comparatively higher (stood at 17% against 6% for laundry soaps). The entry counseling barriers were quite high for the detergent powder segment because of high investment in terms of the capital outlay, as sophisticated processes and machines were used in the manufacturing process.At 75%, Milliners share of the EN detergent market is below its national average as against P&Gs market share which is slightly above its sectional average. The local brands make up for only 8% of the share. A detailed breakup of the market share of each of the brands is shown in exhibit 2. Market Share and Wholesale Price of Major Brands in the Laundry Soap and Detergent po wder categories in Northeast in 1996 senses Detergent Powder 70. 00% 60. 00% 50. 00% 40. 00% 30. 00% 20. 00% 10. 00% 0. 0% Laundry Shop Exhibit 2 Source Nielsen On the other hand, the laundry soap segment had low entry barriers because of the ease of the manufacturing process for soaps, as it could be produced relatively easily using animal fats and oils. The water in EN is soft as compared to SE region. therefore the amount of foam created is more leading to a higher usage and also appealing the consumers. Milliner faced competition in this segment from other established local players, like AS whose brand BEMA-tee-vi had an market share. SOOT ANALYSIS Strengths 1.Milliner is leading the detergent powder category with 81% market share achieved with mainly three brands Mom one of brazils favorite brands across all categories Minerva the only brand to be sold as both(prenominal) detergent powder and laundry soap and Campfire, Milliners cheapest brand. . Brand Recognition a. Millin er brands comport a good market position as it was a pioneer of the consumer goods industry in Brazil. As against the other brands in the market, Milliner products have the higher % of brand noesis, market penetration and top-of-mind awareness.Weakness 1 . diffusion Milliner is lacking the expertise in distribution of its products among the puny outlets. In approximately 75,000 small outlets it is hard to find any of the Milliner products. Local distribution is important as the low-income consumers rarely shop in large supermarkets like Wall-mart. . Price EN is a expenditure sensitive region. For such(prenominal) consumers hurt = quality. So Milliners premium brand, Mom is perceived as a high quality at a premium position, while the other Milliner brands are considered to be of inferior quality. . Mom is regarded as the best product while the others are hardly able to satisfy the customers expectations. 4. No prior experience or experience of dealing with low-income consumer s. Opportunities 1 . The EN market has good scope for growth. There is a giant possibility of better business with take note to the low-income consumers. 2. P&G has not entered into the laundry soap market. So Milliner only has a few local competitors. And since the usage of laundry soap is the utmost in EN, Milliner can capture the market for laundry soap. 3.The purchasing power of the low-income consumer has grown by 27% during 1995-96 which will probably lead to an profit in the usage of detergent. 4. The EN is 48 million predominantly low-income consumers whose consumption is 42,000 tons of detergent and 81 ,250 tons of laundry soap which is a big number. 5. Brazilian government is providing tax incentives to encourage investments in EN. 6. EN women wash frequently (5 times per week). Cleanliness is part of their culture. Also the symbolic value they attach to cleanliness is of high regard. . 28% of EN has washing machines. 8. Popularity of laundry soaps is higher in EN regi on due to the softness of the water in this region. Threat 1 . Brazil (EN) has illiteracy rate of 40% which can lead to unemployment. Such factors can have an adverse effect on the purchasing power. 2. P&G is a strong competitor in detergent powder market with Ace ranking third in the market share. 3. The R&D of P&G as a whole is far advanced than Milliner. Strategy for Milliner in Brazil Marketing communications strategy options (Chris Fill, 2005, Peg. 32) Strategy Pull vigour Profile Target audience Consumers End-user bib customers Channel intermediaries All relevant stakeholders Message focus Product/ service Product/service The organization dialogue goal Purchase Purchase Developing relationships and distribution network Building reputation The push strategy is aimed at pushing the product through the crease intermediaries and then finally to the end users. Whereas a pull strategy is aimed at pulling the consumers to retailers.A victoryful marketing involves a mixture of pus h through the swop and pull from consumers and thus the two areas are not mutually exclusive. , Peg unlived can Implement ten Tooling strategies 1 . Push Strategy (Promotional Strategy) (Chris Fill, 2005) Manufacturer wholesaler or Distributor Direction of Communication Retailer or value-added reseller Consumer or buyer The consumers in Brazil have a strong brand knowledge and top of mind awareness for the Milliner products. Mom is regarded as one of the premium products and does not have a close competitor.But this product is beyond the work out of the low- income consumers and hence the people of this particular sector cannot afford this brand. But by taking the advantage of the brand success, there are two options that Milliner can adopt 1 . Launch a completely young product under the brand name of Mom with different detergent formulae. 2. Use one of the brands that satisfy the requirements of the low-consumer of a detergent from its existing portfolio. There is a disadvantag e with the 1st option the cost involved in the R&D in formulating a detergent from the scratch would be an additional expense in the budget.In option 2 t is not certain if the launch of an existing brand from the portfolio will be interpreted the way it is expected. The risk involved in the 2nd option is higher than the price factor in option 1. consequently option 1 although involves more time is a much wiser decision. Hence under the brand extension, launch a new product under the Mom brand (family) umbrella. Therefore the marketing mix (4 AS) for this strategy would be Product Package the product in different quantities of games, games and 1 keg so that it is low-cost for people having either a weekly or a monthly budget.Like either other product of Milliner let this new product also be distributed in boxes as the low-income consumers consider anything other than a box to be inferior. At the equal time design the packaging in such a way that it protects the contents from humid ity and also very attractive to pull the attention of the buyers. Include pictures of popular parties like Carnival so that people can relate it to their rich cultural background. Price Keep the price of this new product definitely less than Mom but almost of the same range as Campfire since for the low-income consumers price= (is equal to) quality.Hence lesser the price, the more it is vulnerable to be perceived as a low standard product. The wholesale price of Campfire is 1. 7/keg so the pricing for the new product could be between 1. 5 and 1. 7 per keg. Promotion Promotions in this case rules out whatever of the forms like personal selling as the targeted market is very large, also television marketing as most of the people are low-income families, even cartridge ads as most of them are illiterate.So the forms that will make an impact on the consumers are direct marketing, buzz, word of mouth, banners with simple messages relating to the cultural and religious history EN has. C oncentrate on visibility of the products in small stores so that when customers enter the store they should realize that there is a new product which is catering to their needs, this way create an Montreal Impact on ten minas AT ten consumers Tort Tanat product. Place Milliner lacks the distribution skill in EN.More than 75,000 small outlets dont have any of the Milliner products. So the first step towards placing the new product is to make sure Milliner does a strategic distribution among the small outlets as the consumers in EN usually shop at a nearby store instead of going to large stores. Also considering the fact that 21% of consumers in SE are in the social class E, the new product should be carefully placed among the small outlets even in the SE region. 2.Pull Strategy(Selling Strategy) (Chris Fill, 2005) Communication Flow Originator or manufacturer Wholesaler Flow of goods and services Retailer Customer The consumption of laundry soap in Brazil is (6. 8+20. 4) keg and the detergent consumption is (12. 9+11. 4) keg. These figures reveal a very important fact that many of the consumers are still tied to laundry soap and so by using the pull strategy, Milliner should attract these laundry soap consumers towards detergent powder. The pull strategy is successful when people have brand awareness and go to the shop to buy a particular product.So considering the washing habit (detergent powder in a very small quantity only for good smell), one of the ways of pulling the customers towards the detergent usage is by giving a small sachet of the new product for free with every purchase of a laundry soap(Minerva). By doing this the consumers would be forced to use the product and if the performance of the new product is convincing to them then the chances of people displacement to detergent is tie high, which in turn will increase the brand recognition of the new product and as a result it would be a success of the pull strategy.Also once the consumers start buy ing the new product reward them by putting some coupons inside the packaging so that the consumers are motivated to buy it the next time. Moreover, certain freebies like a container to store the detergent, a spoon to measure the quantity of detergent to be used in a given amount of water, can be deployed during the initial phases of launch of the product.One more way to increase the brand awareness of the new product is to vive a demonstration of the new product in and around the small outlets or at places most visited by the targeted consumers. Refill packs should be produced, and the product should be make available across all locations, because of the very nature of the product which is that it is a low-involvement one, and people would not travel long distances to buy the product.Since the product is targeted to a low-income and price sensitive segment, the company should make sure that it optimizes the distribution network and save on the logistics cost so as to transfer the be nefits to he end consumer. plot of land the product is gaining more brand loyalty, the producer/ manufacturer should make sure that the new product is available on all the shelves (small stores, large malls) Tanat consumers can maybe reach out to. 0 encourage this give suitable incentives/rewards to the dealers. Thus convince the retailers to stock up in response to the demand created for the new product. The success of the new product can be achieved by striking a perfect balance between the push and pull strategies. So push or launch the product into the market and create awareness or the same and through the pull strategy create a strong affinity for the new product thus converting the laundry soap users to detergent powder.

Staff Training And Development Essay

Sustaining Effective Staff Training And Development EssayIntroductionWhat is prep and organic evolution?Training and phylogenesis is a concept in worry which depart the physical compositional activity to be aimed directly at executing of individuals, groups and the organization (Landale, 1999). in that respect be three main activities under the guise of cookery and emergence which are interlinked genteelness, education and ripening. It is not just the role of the employer to i retreattify training and development c tout ensemble for, the employee excessively needs to be able to identify their role in the organization and how they bed effectively develop themselves (Landale, 1999). Van der Bossche et al (2010) acknowledge that due to the rapid advancements in technology and knowledge require the individual to get into in personal and professional development. The development of talent deep down the organization is necessary for free-enterp ascend(a) advantage to exist, it is likewise necessary for the retention of employees. The organization needs to identify talent and to support the individuals by dint of with(predicate) all their training needsStaff Training and Development is described asthe necessity to cover the essential skills used in the effortless work situation. Within the promotion of training and development, the individual needs to be focused on the goal of developing their skills, knowledge and understanding of how the organization exists indoors its surroundings (Jerling, 1996). If the manager drive out motivate the employee in their work and can encourage development thus the employee will see it in a positivistic light and will work towards the goals.I I BackgroundHaving effective employees is instrumental to the success of all descent organization. This is the case because of the noble employee turnover rates and high unemployment rates evident in most countries. Since the 2008 recession in the U.S, other cou ntries of the world seduce experienced the ripple effects as the world largest rescue struggles to recover. The European nations have suffered under the current debt crisis that has shrunk economies in Europe. Other countries in African and Asia have excessively felt the impact, as their economies are most drug-addicted on both the U.S and European markets for trade. The subject of having effective employees has therefore, take ined relevance as employers look for ways to sustain their workers. In an effort to keep their most fundamental asset, organizations are heavily involved in the training and development of employees (Hung &Wong 2007). Training and development has been a tool used by organizations to mitigate the risks of losing employee to other organizations. It has also been used to groom future leaders of the comp both, as well as assist organizations in saving date and money. This essay shall prove cardinal theories that hold forth employer support and training , as well as the impacts of employee executing in relation to training and development of employees.III DevelopmentHumphry Hung and Yiu Wong have come up with two theories that discuss the relationship between the employer and the workers when it comes to training, continuing education and work study performance (Hung and Wong, 2007). The theories were introduced because of a case study of Hong Kong students who were in school and worked at the same time. The authors then came up with the theories to help explain the student or employees performance in relations to their employees and employer relationship (Hung and Wong, 2007). The first possibleness was the psychological contract theory art object the second one was the expectancy dis-confirmation theory. The researchers realized the need for employees to have an education so that they are able to move up the ladder as far as the work force is concerned. The researchers used the employee and employer relations as the subject of research, and came up with a model to explain how training and development can be effectively used in the workplace (Hung &Wong2007).Psychological contract theoryAccording to the psychological theory, the employer and the employee have a set of beliefs, promises and obligations that go beyond the formal contract between the two. This psychological contract theory is attrisolelyed to the second wave of research in this subject, namely where the basis is a reciprocal loyalty between employees and organization (Hall and Moss, 1998). The elements of the triplet wave of research on the psychological contract, which measures the attitudes and perpceptions of employees towards organization are demonstrated below (Robinson, 1996). In other words, once an employer hires an employee, the employee has to abide by certain rules while the employer is obligated to behave professionally. This remembers that the employees expect to exchange their loyalty and productivity for wages and other fo rms of compensation (Kimberly 2009).This theory may be regarded to be special(a) in delivery of depth of investigation of relations between organization and employees (Robinson and Morrisson, 1995). This suggests that recent research has failed to acknowledge the fact that psychological bear upon theory is a great deal multi-dimensional as opposed to what has been presented in the research (Trunley and Feldamn, 1999a).As a result, there were two kinds of contents presented, namely transactional and relational. Transactional content involves measurable economic exchanges between the two parties. For instance, an employee works 40 hours a week for a paycheck at the end of the week. Relational contents are establish on trust and long relationships. In such a case, an employee can delegate a certain role to the employee based on trust (McConnell 2004). In the study, three principles can emerged. First, there is interaction at an individual level, mutual relationship between the tw o parties and finally tactical exchanges. Most people believe that the relationship between the employee and the employer is based on personal ties because the employer is an embodiment of the organization, and the experience of their interaction dictates the success of an organization (Hung &Hing 2007).On the other hand, well-nigh believe that there has to be a mutual relationship between the employer and the employee for organizations to succeed. The mutual obligation is based on the belief that the employer is obliged to the employee in return for a commitment. Finally, the tactical exchanges occur between the workers in which case, the employee insists on a mental union between the two parties (Kimberly 2009). The significance of the psychological contract theory is that it attempts to explain the employees behavior in regards to how he is treated by the employer. In other words, the employee relationship to the employer is imperative to matters regarding how employees react w hen subjected to training by organizations. The development of the employee dictates the performance of the employee in the continuing work-study. The research bring that students who had a good working relationship with their employer performed well in their training and education compared to those who had a bad relationship (Hung &Hing 2007).Another limitation is attri thated to the assumption, that psychological contact theory fails to address the specifics of individual work deportment (Robinson, 1996a). From methodological perspective, this theory was developed on the basis of employees self-appraisals. As a result, it failed to include the tangible supervisors appraisals, which are comprehend to be quite crucial in delivery of objective opinion on the subject of speculate performance (Keeney and Svyantek, 2000).Expectancy disconfirmation theoryThe expectancy disconfirmation theory is similar to that of consumer dissonance. Only that in this case, it deals with the employ ee, as opposed to the consumer. The theory was brought about from the comparison of a worker and a consumer when transaction with their products. An employee is believed to have positively disconfirmed their role in the makeup when their perceived performance exceeds their expected performance (Roughton&Mercurio 2002). The opposite is true and referred to as negative disconfirmation. Negative disconfirmation occurs when an employee believes that their expectations exceed their perceivedThe talent for the organisation to be able to sustain effective staff training and development in the workplace is a necessity in the spheric market. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on training and development in the workplace (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). Other considerations which must be taken into consideration when discussing this topic are in relation to the culture and social organization of the organisation as well as the importance of communication and the impact of the leadership styles on the overall behaviour of the organisation (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). The global market has allowed the transfer of skills and knowledge through migration and the internationalization of organisations.Training and development are essential to how the organisation can compete in the market, if the organisation can sustain their employees through training and development they will be able to compete in the market. The effectiveness of employees will prove to be a valuable asset to the organisation and it is important that the organisation holds on to their employees (Klein, 1998). It has been argued that the resources of an organisation are the key sources of competitiveness. There is a need to examine the mise en scene of the organisation culture and social structure to see how these can determine how the organisation perceives training and development opportunities within the organisation.This theory has also proved to have some limitations attributed to it. This impl ies that it has been a subject to limitations imposed on the methodlogical approach. This implies that there have been some concerns reported in relation to the measurement of expectations that have been met (Irving and Meyer, 1999). This implies that direct measurement which is utilise in prediction of the disrepency between the expectations in relation to the job and actual behavioural intentions (Irving and Meyer, 1999).Strategic ManagementStrategic management is an essential treat which needs to be considered in any organisation. Thompson & Martin (2005) explain the process as being concerned with organisational actions and activities which identify and deal with threats, opportunities etc in both the internal and external environment. How strategical management is managed shows how well the organisation can hold to change and how training and development will be welcomed in the organisational context. Lamb (1984) pleads that strategic management assesses competitors of the organisation and sets goals and strategies which can be seen in the context of training and development and how the organisation views the importance of its employees.One of the most important strategic processes is the practice of retaining employees. It is best practice to keep the skills and knowledge gettable to the organisation to remain competitive and to be able to recruit the most talented individuals in the market. If an organisation has the pick of the talent through their recruitment process they can sustain their competitive advantage which will allow them to compete consistently. The type of culture is reflected through the recruitment and selection processes as well the organisational structure and culture. If an organisation can effectively train and develop their workforce as well as retain their employees. Performance management and a competitive inducement programme can leaven the ability of the organisation to select and recruit the individuals they want to re cruit to positions and not just because they have to fill the position (Phillips & Pulliam Phillips (2002).Lambin (2000) defines the strategic process as allowing management to identify advantages and disadvantages. It will be important to identify the advantages and disadvantages of training and development further on in this paper but it is extremely necessary that these are identified so that the organisation can identify the skills and knowledge which they require in their organisation. The humanity element to the resources of the organisation are extremely important, Armstrong (2006) cites that the skills and competencies identified within the human resources process need to meet the future demands and challenges of the organisation and the environment. It will be necessary for the organisation to meet the pressures from the competitive environment and it should be prepared for this. Most organisations would not be able to function effectively in their environment without sust aining effective training and development in their workplaces. It is important that employees can be motivated into performing and target meeting.Organisational CultureThe culture of the organisation is an integral factor of organisational activity. Holbeche (2006) believes that there are issues linking corporate social responsibility, right and the stakeholder environment. The culture of the organisation will impact on the behaviour of the employees in reference to how they behave, their work attitudes, the ability to embrace change and how the organisational objectives are achievable or not. Motivational theory is extremely important (Alderfer, 1969, Vroom, 1964, Maslow, 1943, Herzberg, 1966) link the goals of the organisation to the performance and achievement of personal goals which in turn can be fuelled by how practised and knowledgeable the individual is. The culture of the organisation can be linked to success through the achievement of the competitive advantage. Deal & Ke nnedy (1982) believe that the most important factor for the success or failure of the organisation is the culture.Culture by its very nature is implicit of behaviours within the organisation. Leadership and management are also essential to the understanding of culture and how it affects all mechanisms within the organisation (Rabey, 2003). This is also essential to the concept of training and development within the organisation as the development of management within the organisation, as the leadership role needs to grow both personally and professionally thus the impetus is on the development through training and development. The leader plays a role in the development of the organisation and if this individual is in tune with the development and training of the human resources, the organisation will embrace this concept. Schein (2004) reflects that the leadership and culture are inseparable. Structure is also important to the training and development environment within an organisa tion. The more(prenominal) rigid the hierarchical structure the less likely the culture will embrace training and development practices. While many organisations realise the need for progressive training and development it should be noted that not every organisation is a skill organisation (Schein, 2004).LeadershipIt is necessary to understand leadership as a concept before attempting to evaluate training and development. The development of the leader, according to Pedlar et al (2003), is that the concept is based on unexamined assumptions. There is no single definition of a leader, however, there are many attributes attached to leadership such as an ability to adapt, to make decisions, to be flexible and to be able to recognise skills within themselves and within others. The ability of the strategic manager is to be able to create an environment where employees want to go in and make a significant contribution to their role in the organisation. It is through this communicative process that the leader can identify the development requirements of the employee. The employee should be able to trust the judgement of the leader to allow them to participate in any programmes for development and encyclopaedism within the organisation (Rabey, 2003).It is also necessary that the leader can identify any developmental needs in their own human body progression. If the leader is forward thinking they will bring the organisation into line with the requirement of the selection and recruitment process to enhance the competitive nature of the organisation. The performance of the individual is impacted by the means figure in the organisational relationship and can be highly influenced by the use of incentives.One such incentive which can be used to motivate the employee is that of training and development opportunities. These types of incentives are extremely important in todays global environment with the internationalisation of organisations and the free movement o f the workforce. The more skilled the workforce, the more ability the employee has to dictate their position within the organisation. This position allows the employee to hold some power over the authority figure as they can determine where they want to go in terms of their career and their development. Communication is key to this process so that the employee knows what kind of training is available to them and for the leader to be able to carry the type of training which may best suit the employee. It is important that the leader can apply self development to themselves before they apply it to the individuals within their organisation and there should be an ethos throughout the organisation on lifelong learning. teaching OrganisationIn todays global environment the concept of lifelong learning is extremely important and it is necessary for all employees to keep their development and learning up to date. The availability of learning to employees should be a pre-requisite to any or ganisation who profess to be a global leader. It is necessary for all employees to keep their skills, resources and knowledge updated so that they can compete in their business market. The markets while very dynamic and complex are also extremely competitive, and organisations are always looking for the right individual to take up a position within the organisation, who will ultimately enhance their competitive advantage (Lambin, 2000).lifelong learning as a concept is not untested, however, the concept of learning within the organisational context is very impudently. This allows the individual to learn around their own experiences. Both the organisation and the individual should be in synch with each other to allow their goals to be achieved. The service which the individual can apply to their customer greatly leaves a mark on the organisation as to how proficient it is in dealing with its customer. The ability of the organisation to provide professional training for their employ ees will successfully promote the organisation as well as the role of the employee. It is necessary that lifelong learning should be promoted more readily in todays global markets due to the expansion of business and the free movement of employees to other countries.Lifelong learning can be provided throughout the organisation and does not necessary mean that it must be formal, it can be on the job training, but it should be used to encourage and motivate the individual. It is important to understand that the concept of lifelong learning is not without it disadvantages and within many organisations the facility is very untold available. However, it is up to the individual to decide that they wish to partake in any programme, and also up to the manager to put the employee forward for training and development. This is very much about communication. Depending on how free flowing communication is, depends on the availability of these facilities. If the employee does not push for these opportunities they can hardly be expected to be turn over the opportunity. However, the manager must communicate that these opportunities are available to the employee and explain the positive features for the employee.It is also necessary that the vision and politics of the organisation match the service and opportunities which can be given to employees. The need to preserve the abilities of employees within the organisation has become increasingly important, especially for the organisation to retain the skills, knowledge and resources which it currently holds. Lifelong learning can in effect change the labour market and the direction which the organisation is heading. Smith (2001) identifies the need of an organisation to be progressive, to allow the individual to gain more knowledge throughout their career and to persuade the individual to use the resources available to them for educational and growth purposes.Benefits of Training and DevelopmentTraining and development is a par ticularly facilitative feature to the organisation as well as the individual. The process allows both the organisation and the individual to grow alongside with the global market. It allows the individual within the organisation to recognise that they should be motivated to perform their job to the best of their ability because they can feel more valued by the incentives which they can receive from the organisation. There are many benefits to the organisation and the employee but it should also be recognised that there are also disadvantages to this.Lifelong learning does not necessary mean that the employee has to go off site on participate in in-house training, it also means a variety of opportunities within the organisation such as job rotation, secondment etc. These types of roles allow the employee to try out the role but also it means that they can avail of training in other positions within the organisation. This type of training can also motivate the employee as it can be s een as a performance reward for their hard work. It would seem in todays environment, the emphasis would be very much on a culture of performance equals rewards. Other types of training and development include aid classes and online courses.Advantages and disadvantages of Training and DevelopmentThe advantages which can be beneficial to the organisation is the retention of the current employees who are competent in their positions and have the ability to take on new roles within the organisation. If the employee can be trained in other positions it will benefit the organisation when it comes to employees leaving, thus the need for an urgent replacement for the position is no longer made a priority as the organisation can often promote or second from within. This allows the organisation some time to come up with the recruitment and selection process to allow for them to find the right candidate. This also allows the employee to try other positions within the organisation and to dec ide if they wish to apply for these positions. With these types of training and development opportunities, the employee gets an opportunity to experience other roles and they may also provide a monetary incentive such as a pay rise while they are in the position. The ability of the organisation to provide these types of roles will also allow the organisation to retain their workforce and the skills and knowledge which come with that. It also enhances the skills of the employee.While there are advantages to training and development, there are also disadvantages. These disadvantages are predominately to the organisation but those which are important factors to the employee are the amount of time they would have to spend on the training and they may not be fully aware of the training opportunities which are afforded to them. This could be due to a drop of communication within the organisation or that the organisation is not overly interested in the development of their employees. One major reason that an organisation may not provide training and development would be down to cost in time and money. It may not be convenient for the organisation to pass time and money on an employee when the end result could be that they lose the skills and knowledge of the employee to another organisation due to the training and development they received. This has become more common as employees are more empowered and acknowledge the freedom to move to another job, even to move to another country.How Training and Development is ChangingGarrison & Anderson (2003 p.i) state thatThe growth of e-learning is being described as explosive, unprecedented, and above all, disruptive. E-learning is associated with providing a framework for understanding the application and to goal set. This method of learning has become increasingly select as technology is evolving and transforming work practices. Many organisations have acknowledged the need to change according to reviewing the values and culture of their organisations. It has become increasingly important for organisations to adapt to the new learning environment.Training and development has changed rapidly due to global expansion. The employee no longer needs to take time off work to participate in training. Along with on the job training, it has become cost effective for employees to educate themselves through online and DVD/ CDs. Technology has afforded organisations and employees easier ways to participate in training and development. Study can take place at the workstation or at home rather than the handed-down format where the employee had to leave the workplace and get going to a destination where they could be facilitated. This has become extremely cost effective for the organisation as they are not losing man hours when the employee is studying/ on their course and it also means that workloads are not high because the work is still being completed.Along with the rise in popularity of the Internet and its main feature, namely interactivity, the human resource managers have found out that this may be used to the advantage for training and development purposes (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). The internet, as an interactive and communication medium provides wider main course to the information and enables distance learning for knowledge transfer purposes. This suggests that it is much easier to engage in learning programs from any location in the world, if an individual has an Internet connection (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). Additionally, it has been estimated that the Internet is associated with lower costs, imposed on the training and development strategies. This implies that the main costs are reduced in the areas of physical distribution of training and development programs and the need for hiring a specific staff in order to maintain those. Online training allow the individual to manage the training program by himself, where he is regarded to be in control over the situation (Venkat esh and Goyal, 2010). Van Dam, (2002) suggests that online training is utilized in combination with the offline channel, suggesting that in the majority of cases, the users of the online training system scat to maintain an offline contact whilst receiving the necessary instructions. The online training system is mainly utilized for the development of computer skills, job-related skills and technical competencies.Recently, there has been an emergence of economic recession that has touched the planning and implementation process of training and development programs. This implies that economic recession has made the companies to reconsider their costs and thereby plan the cuts, where necessary. CIPD, (in EWCO, 2009) has estimated that the performance of the majority of companies in the previous 12 months has been worsened. With regard to training and development, it has been estimated that 32 % of surveyed companies have reported cuts in the training and development budget in the prev ious 12 months. However, in the light of recession, despite the imposed cuts in budget, the majority of companies has estimated that training and development has not been viewed as an expendable commodity. This implies that the management of the companies still view training and development programs as the key priority for companys achievement of organizational objectives (CIPD in EWCO, 2009 Bourke, 2009). This suggests that there is a great potential for further investments in training and development programs, given its significance in the corporate world.Methods used in Training and DevelopmentThis type of training also encourages the employee as they can do all their study with the use of a pc and can do it during working hours at their workstation. It also allows the employee to have more say in their development and to enhance their skills. The use of IT has allowed the development of more globalised skills which are transferrable. It is also appropriate for the organisation t o provide the employee with the information about training and development opportunities which is extremely easy compared to how the traditional methods had been. The employee and the organisation can research the courses/ training and development opportunities. The manager has the ability to distinguish worthwhile courses/ training opportunities according to the need of the employee with the use of IT. This is where the ability to communicate and identify the individual needs of the employee as well as their own needs. References1.Alderfer, C.P. (1969) An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Needs, Organizational behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 4, Issue 2, May, pps. 142-1752.Armstrong, M., (2006) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th Edition, KoganBourke A. (2010). Recession Affects Training and Development Programs. Available from http//www.aicpcu.org/MediaCenter/docs/articles/Recession_Affects_Training_and_Development_for_Web_10-09.pdf. Last Accessed 13t h Feb. 2012CIPD in EWCO (2009). Impact of recession on workplace training. Available from http//www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2009/09/UK0909039I.htm. Last Accessed on 13th Dec. 20123.Deal, T.E., & Kennedy, A.A., (1982) Corporate Cultures The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books4.Garrison, D.R., & Anderson, T., (2003) E-Learning in the 21st Century, RoutledgeFalmer, Taylor & Francis GroupHall, D. T., & Moss, J. E. (1998). The new protean career contract Helping organizations and employees adapt.Organizational Dynamics, 26, 2237.Herzberg, F. (1966) Work and the Nature of Man, Staples Press Holbeche, L. (2006), Understanding Change Theory, Implementation and Success, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Hung, H. & Wong Y. (2007), The relationship between employer s of continuing education and training and work and study performance A Hong Kong case study. International diary of Training& Development, 11, 4, pp. 295-313.Irving, P. G., and Meyer, J. P. (1999). On Using respite Difference Scores in the Measurement of Congruence The Case of Met Expectation Research. A Longitudinal Analysis, Personnel Psychology, 52(1), pp. 85-95.Jerling K. (1996). Education, Training, and Development in Organisation. Pearson South AfricaKeeney, M. J., & Svyantek, D. J. (2000). A review of psychological contract theory and research Promise nothing and they still may get angry. Current Trends in Management, 5, 6594.Kimberly, W. 2009, apprize Initiatives Improving Performance in the Workplace. NYGRIN Verlag9.Lamb, R., (1984) Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall10.Lambin, J.J., (2000) Market-Driven Management Strategic & Operational Marketing, MacMillan BusinessLandale A. (1999). Gower handbook of training and development. third ed., Gower Publishing UK11.Maslow, A.H. (1943), A theory of human motivation, Psychological Review, Vol. 50 no 4, pp. 370 396.12.McConnell, C. R. 2004, Managing Employee Performance, Health Care bus, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 273, Supplemental Index.13.Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., & Boydell, T., (2003) A Managers Guide to Leadership, McGraw-HillPhillips, J.J., & Pulliam Phillips, P., (2002) Retaining Your Best Employees In Action Case Study Series, American Society for Training and Development Rabey, G., (2003) The Paradox of Teamwork, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 158 162Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41574599.Robinson, S. L., &Morrison, E.W. (1995a). Psychological contracts and OCB The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16 289298Roughton, J. &Mercurio, J. 2002, Developing an effective safety culture A Leadership Approach. NY Butterworth-Heinemann17.Schein, E.H. (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass18.Thompson, J.L., & Martin, F., (2005) Strategic Management Awareness and Change, 5th Edition, Thomson Learning19.Smith, M. K., (2001 ) Peter Senge and the learning organisation, the encyclopaedia of informal education, available online at www.infed.org/thinkers/senge.htmTurnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999a). The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Human Relations, 52, 895922.Van den Bossche, P., Segers, M., & Jansen, N., (2010) Transfer of Training The Role of Feedback in Supportive Social Networks, International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 14, Iss. 2, pp. 81 94van Dam, N. (2002). E-learning by design drop a better-designed course help you learn moree-learning. 3(1), 38-39.Venkatesh, V. and Goyal, S.(2010). Expectation Disconfirmation and Technology Adoption Polynomial Modeling and Response Surface Analysis,MIS Quarterly 34, (2), 281-303Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation, John Wiley

The Ups Delivery Information Acquisition Device (Diad Iv)

UPS revolutionized the package delivery business in 1991 when it developed and deployed the first Delivery Information Acquisition Device, known as the DIAD. More than a hug drug later, UPS continues its pioneering development efforts with the fourth generation of the DIAD the DIAD IV. To ensure maximum flexibility in field transmission capabilities, DIAD IV includes multiple wireless connectivity options. Each DIAD IV features a built-in GPRS or CDMA radio, an acoustical modem to facilitate dial-up access if necessary, and 802. 1b wireless local area network connectivity to enable transmission in a UPS center. The DIAD IV similarly features a Bluetooth wireless personal area network and an infrared (IrDA) port to communicate with peripheral devices and customer PCs/printers. DIAD IV introduces a revolutionary new feature Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) to the handheld terminal market. UPS plans to practice this technology to provide drivers with more detailed directions t o pick-up and delivery points in order to improve customer service.The monochrome screen on previous DIADS has been replaced with a color screen that accommodates more information which can be displayed in an easier-to-read manner. The color screen likewise enables UPS to color-code messages transmitted to a drivers DIAD. Urgent customer pick-up messages, for example, can be color-coded to alert the driver. In addition, the DIAD IV contains 128 megabytes of memory 20 times the capacity of the DIAD III. UPS will use this expanded capacity to provide new and improved customer services. Like its predecessors, the DIAD IVs battery lasts an entire work sidereal day.The DIAD IV sends delivery information to the UPS data escritoire as soon as the delivery information is entered. Drivers simply scan the package bar code, collect the receivers signature electronically, type in the last rear of the receiver and push a single key to complete the transaction and send the data. There is no need to activate a cell shout or return to the vehicle. Part of what makes the DIAD such a powerful tool is the system ODS (On-Demand Services) that enables communication with the driver. Every UPS driver automatically logs into the ODS system first amour in the morning.This allows dispatchers and center management to access the driver via his/her DIAD throughout the day by sending generalized text messages. Virtually all drivers start their day with a list of predefined customer pickup locations for that day. Thanks to ODS, the addition of a one-time pickup can be added to a drivers work list on-the-fly, enabling UPS to persuade best advantage of the geographic location of its entire fleet for servicing pickup requests. By using the DIAD, UPS eliminates the use of 89 million sheets of paper per year, the alike of 7,308 trees.The DIAD IV is the most comprehensive tracking device in the delivery industry, combining data collection and transmission technologies, digital signatur e capture, extensive expandable memory and rugged construction to withstand extreme temperatures and hard falls. Other Features Operating System Windows CE . NET ProcessorIntel XScale, 400 MHz Weight 2. 6 lb. Size10 x 6. 4 x 1. 9 Display2. 8 x 2. 1 color Battery3. 2AH, 7. 2v, Li-on Keypad45 large, raised keys AudioSpeaker, microphone Development Designed and manufactured by symbol Technologies, Inc.

Diversity in the Classroom Essay

In what focussings might you experience diversity in a classroom? What strategies might you use to swear out provide equal learning outcomes for all? Diversity occurs in many forms within the classroom environment and necessitates the knowledge of the whole child, testing the skills and insight of the teacher. Children do not differ solely in their academic aptitude but in their behavioural, motivational and emotional needs as well.The inefficiencies in any of these areas commode be the result of a great variety of reasons and therefore overcoming or resolving these issues relies on knowing the individual and their needs explicitly in growth to comprehensive awareness of the alternative strategies that can be used. Successful teaching encompasses three main components, the teaching, the students and the teacher. Effectiveness requires thorough understanding of all three.The teaching involves the depicted object being taught and the pedagogy used to convey that content. Nonethel ess, before strategic planning begins, part two of the puzzle must be understood, the children. How do they learn? What are their strengths, weaknesses, and most importantly, their needs? This must be approached with the overall class and each individual in mind. Knowing the child starts primarily by examining the backgrounds of students especially by considering and respecting differing family values and beliefs.According to Groundwater-Smith et al. (2003) teachers must diagnose and continually monitor their students learning to identify needs and abilities. As Nieto argues, students are often treated differently because of the way their differences are perceived rather than because of these differences per se. (Nieto, 2002, as quoted in Groundwater-Smith et al, 2003, p. 4). Any differences or disabilities require particular attention with considerations to individual needs.