Essay about Sociology - 1337 Words

Much research on helping behaviour can be criticised as being ethnocentric, conducted in the USA alone. Thus, the studies are rather limited in terms of the lack of variety in the people studied. Latane and Darley were the first to systematically investigate the circumstances under which bystanders are/are not likely to intervene to help others, and promote pro-social behaviour. However, we must be cautious not to generalise the findings to other cultures. We cannot assume that the same circumstances apply equally to any human population. The tendency to make this assumption is something we need to be very aware of when drawing broad conclusions regarding pro-social behaviour from a limited sample.†¦show more content†¦In collectivistic cultures, such as China, Japan and some other Asian countries, individual wishes are seen as less important than the well being of the group. It might therefore be expected that pro-social behaviour would be more apparent in collectivistic cu ltures. Cultural perspectives on pro-social behaviour place it within a much larger moral system that binds people together in social relationships (Miller and Bersoff, 1994). An example of the role that pro-social behaviour, or specifically helping behaviour, plays in the establishment of social relationships can be found in the Chinese custom of doing favours for people (Moghaddam, 1998) Eisenburg and Mussen (1989) conducted cross-cultural research into childrens pro-social behaviour to examine this notion further. It was found that North American children were less kind, considerable and co-operative than children who had grown up in Mexican villages, Hopi children reared on Indian reservations or Israeli children reared in kibbutzim. Thus, the findings suggest that there is a relationship between the type of culture within which children grow up and the degree of pro-social behaviour they show. Children reared within a collectivistic culture tend to show more pro-social behaviour than those reared in an individualistic culture. However,Show MoreRelatedSocial, Sociology, And Sociology857 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals who need that extra support. Social work as a subject area includes elements of psychology, law and sociology. Social policy is the study of various areas of policy, within political or governmental setting, and is concerned with everything from the welfare state, to social services. Social policy is an academic study of theory, rather than current policies and draws from psychology, sociology, philosophy, and economics. What A Levels do I need? Each university will ask for varying grades and tariffRead MoreSociology : The Function Of Sociology951 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Observation Essay Sociology is the study of development and functioning of humans in society, in other words how a person reacts in a certain situation. Although hard to understand, sociology has many important points that add into the development of someones personality, values, religion, education, etc. As Pierre Bourdieu once said â€Å"The function of sociology, as of every science, is to reveal that which is hidden.† In this case, the social group that I had studied for 24 hours had manyRead MoreThe Basic Tools Of Sociology And Sociology1034 Words   |  5 PagesArgument: In this piece, Weber outlines the basic tools of sociology and distinguishes sociology as a social science. Weber’s main message in this piece is that that social sciences should be equivalent to natural sciences, and in order to do so, laws should be made within the field. Secondly, he wanted to bring history and sociology together with causal relationships, in doing so he would also analyze the individual’s social action. He mentions that action is only social when it is oriented to theRead MoreSociology1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of sociology had been recognized by independent philosophers since the dawn of organized civilization. Philosophers such as Confucius and Xenophanes in their works had hinted at the clash of cultures and social hierarchy. Later, in the 14th century, Arab scholars such as Al Jahiz and Ibn Khalduns compliled books on the history of society itself. These works are known to be forerunners of sociology. In fact, books written by Ibn K haldun on social cohesion and conflict were translatedRead MoreSociology1447 Words   |  6 Pagescome to be called the labour process approach. †¢ Context for Braverman: ⠝‘ Braverman associated with Monthly Review journal – founded in 1949 by Paul Sweezy and Leo Huberman. An influential journal but little impact on American sociology. Best known product of this school is Baran and Sweezy’s Monopoly Capital (1966). Indeed, Braverman’s analysis of work is predicated theoretically upon Baran and Sweezy’s analysis of ‘Monopoly Capital’ [ie oligopolistic, ‘organized’ capitalism. Read MoreSociology1681 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctionalism) of social class .Following this, it will look at the changes of social class. Finally, it will discuss weather the class of Britain will be dead. Theories of social class There are three basic theories which can explain social class in the sociology history. Marxism was established by Karl Marx(1813-1883).Marx explained that a social class is a group of people who have common relationship to the means of production. For Marx (2008:26), society was characterizes by two social groups: bourgeoisieRead MoreSociology1711 Words   |  7 Pagestake away from this is that you don’t shape reality, culture shapes you and how you view reality. For people who don’t know what sociology is or had no idea what it was before entering the class as I did myself, it can be simply described as a study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. A way of understanding sociology can be done through your own sociological imagination. It would be a tool that provides many important perspectives on the worldRead MoreSociology : Sociology And Sociological Thinking978 Words   |  4 PagesSociology and sociological thinking are a vital part of society, and through examining both society and individuals, sociology is able to make changes to areas such as policies, and attitudes that may have usually negatively affected them, and instead gained a positive result through the careful research, and applied knowledge. 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These influences are called the origins of sociology and they include; new idea or discipline, Industrial RevolutionRead MoreSociology : Social Science And Sociology1386 Words   |  6 Pagesto the history of sociology, it was the nineteenth century that sociology emerged, with the word ‘ sociology ’ appeared in the Cours de ph ilosophie Positive Book 4[ Auguste Comte,1838 Cours de philosophie Positive] by Comte in 1838. The social forces, however, were complicated actually, which included both social, economical, cultural and even a little bit of political or religious elements. This essay explains these factors in the following part. 2.1 Social Science and Sociology The philosophes

The Media Is A Well-Known, Commonly Used Source Of News

The Media is a well-known, commonly used source of news and has been since the invention of the printing press. The Media can both positively and negatively be used to reinforce the public s opinion of crime but is often only used to demonstrate the most sensationalist or violent crimes. This issue could be related to how difficult it can be to define crime as well as accurately measure it, or it may have to do with how the Media is used for profit by certain institutions and businesses. This essay will first try to define what crime is and how it is measured, then it will examine the Dimensions and Trends of Crime before finally examining what the Media is and how it affects people’s opinions of crime. Defining and Measuring crime is†¦show more content†¦299) which argues that crime â€Å"must be redefined in terms of the power to create harm (Pain) in any context† they then go on to state that crime is â€Å"The exercise of power to deny others their own humanity†. Arguably the issue with these human rights approaches is that a lot of the actions that would fall under these are not currently recognized as criminal laws (DiCristina, 2016). Criminologists have yet to agree on a solid definition of what crime is, as even with research it still remains a very opinionated and personal thing as to what an individual thinks crime is to them. Taking a look at measuring crime comes with several issues of its own, different jurisdictions will report crimes based on different criteria, some will report as soon as an arrest is made while others will wait until there is supporting evidence against the accused (Hayes Prenzler ed. 2014). The amount of unreported crime mus t also be taken into account, known as the dark figure of crime, it relates to a number of crimes that are never reported, such as sexual violence that has an astronomically high rate of being unreported making a lot of statistic related to it completely unusable due to their unreliability (Hayes Prenzler ed 2014). That is notShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And The Freedom Rides1540 Words   |  7 Pageswhite Australians by touring Northern New South Wales. This was officially known as the 1965 Freedom Rides. It can be hypothesised that there were multiple factors that were involved in the 1965 Freedom Rides that contributed remarkably towards the 1967 Referendum. The evidence gathered from multiple sources aim to support the thesis statement, discussing matters involving the aims and outcomes of the Freedom Rides, the media involvement in the Freedom Rides, as well as the laws and rights formed in theRead MoreHistorical Evolution and Development of the Various Mass Media97 0 Words   |  4 Pageshistorical evolution and development of the various mass media in the United States. Print, broadcast, and electronic media have changed drastically since man was first introduced to them. The speed of these changes are occurring more rapidly now, altering the different forms of media along with it. Though these changes have brought forth many benefits, a few negative impacts have been brought along as well. Print media has been used by people to spread information for centuries, dating allRead MoreThe West Fertilizer Plant Explosion1739 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals will not hear of due to a lack of media coverage. Many of these disasters can have incredibly detrimental effects on entire populations, and those at risk deserve a chance to educate themselves. Two of the disasters found were the West Fertilizer plant explosion and the increasing rate of acidification of ocean water. Despite the fact that these disasters pose such incredible dangers, they were found to be among the least reported on stories amongst media outlets. Although these disasters haveRead MoreHow To Grow, Extract, Harvest And Use Plant Products As Antimicrobial Agents1628 Words   |  7 Pagespharmaceuticals are derived from plants Traditional healers used plants to cure infectious conditions Plants are rich in: Secondary metabolites they are not generally included in standard metabolic charts. found to have have antimicrobial properties. Tannins compounds that have a tendency to interact with aqueous solutions of proteins and other biological macromolecules to form insoluble precipitates. Divided into three groups that are each well known. They are substances capable of precipitating gelatinRead MoreMedia Perception : Turning Negative Press Into Positive Success1041 Words   |  5 PagesTurning Negative Press Into Positive Success Media attention can lead to success for the subjects of the negative attention, and can be either flipped into a positive, or utilized as a gimmick to achieve marketing success. We commonly ask ourselves how celebrities handle their sporadic and hectic lifestyles with the paparazzi and negative media attention they receive on a constant basis. We also believe in celebrities as simply actors and musicians, but commonly forget the common people in the world whoRead MoreThe Australian Media Is An Available And Reliable Information Source For Australian Society1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe Australian media is generally considered to be an available and reliable information source for Australian society. The media therefore has a strong influence over the information of social and individual opinions. Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their home because of war, natural disasters or persecution. The media represents this ‘category’ of people using a narrow group of information, presenting a particular skew of opinion, which is passed onto the individuals who placeRead MoreHow Do Hybrid Cars Work?1668 Words   |  7 Pagesalter the re productive, respiratory, immune and even neurological systems of many organisms (King, Media). Other released particulate matter, including carbon monoxide, can have damaging effects on human health. To continue, the emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides can lead to the formation of acid rain, affecting the pH of waterways and harming the organisms that rely on the soil (King, Media). Finally, and likely the most environmentally damaging effect of the nonrenewable fuel combustionRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1292 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Social media networking has completely transformed the way businesses market and recruits potential employees. Marketing and recruiting was simply done through printing ads in newspapers. Now social media networking is done through â€Å"posting† open discussions on the business website or social media sites. Social media has allowed business to also promote their brand, hire, communicate, and connect wi th many people and organizations. This paper will help you to understand how businesses incorporateRead MoreProcedia Social Medi A Study On March March 2014 Local Media Analysis883 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity student with regards to governance and social media: A study on march 2014 local elections. The journal title is Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. The volume number is 174 with page numbers of 791 to 797. Publication year was February of 2015. The major purpose of the research understands young peoples interest in politics. This will include how they get their political sources and how they use them in respect with their parties as well as global politics. There are three questions thatRead MoreHow Effective Recruiting Can Contribute An Organization Success1376 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity carried out by the organization with the prime purpose of recognizing and drawing would-be employees. They can be sourced from internal or external sources, direct applicants and recommendations, advertisements, public or private organizations, electronic recruiting, or universities. Recruitment is the process that identifies as well as hires the best-qualified applicants from inside or outside of an organization for job openings, in a most appropriate and cost effective method. According

Curriculum of Excellence in Educational Policy

Question: Discuss about the Curriculum of Excellence in Educational Policy. Answer: Introduction: The curriculum of Excellence is an educational policy that has been published by the Scottish Parliament of educational affairs in the year 2010. It was announced by the minister of education and young people namely Mr. Peacock and Deputy Minister of Education and young people namely Euan Robson. This curriculum mainly aimed at including children from the age of 3 to the age of 18 into an educational ground in such a way so that they develop values and morals which would help them to become experienced learners. This policy aimed at making their skills polished in such a way so that they can recognize their talents and employ them in correct fields to achieve the most flourishing careers one can dream. It promised to deliver knowledge that would help them to promote and develop their values, abilities and understanding capabilities (Hedge and MacKenzie 2016). The curriculum outlines the strategies that must be taken to make the children and young people of Scotland successful in their future. The strategies also promise to look over the inhibitions and make attempts to overcome them like overcrowding, poverty, lack of proper connectivity between stages of curriculum and many others. This curriculum mainly identifies the different values on which the educational goals would be set, the purpose and the outcomes with which the learners can associate and to help schools design their education system with new ways for teachers and educators (Gov.scot, 2010). The curriculum tried to take initiatives that would help the budding children to develop their knowledge in systematic ways without overcrowding of concepts and different subjects. However, the essay is subjected to two important, crucial areas of inequality and underpinning values that have formed the main foundations behind the preparation of the strategies. Another important question that also needs to be attended is whether the set of values provide significance to ideas and concepts or competence and skills. The essay will critically evaluate the strategies that are mentioned and will try to assess the questions critically in the light of the values that had been set by the Scottish government. The designing and layout along with the readers of the policy is also a question that requires thorough analysis for quality assurance. This essay will be based on an argumentative approach that will critically analyze the questions to find out the effectivity of the curriculum in the light of the initiative that they had proposed to undertake. It is to be analyzed that one of the main issue faced by the United Kingdom of inequality is properly handled by the policy or not. It would also judge our whether the underpinning values are based on immoral attitudes of sexism, classism, disability and many others. Moreover, it would also cover the evaluation of the designing and the layout that can be observed in the policy papers. The essay will also give an idea to the reader about those cohorts of people who would be intricately interested in reading the paper for the betterment of the beholders of the future generation. Background to the curriculum policy text: The Scotland government had aimed for the development of a nation where the children of Scotland irrespective of their social background would be liberated enough to achieve their goals in their adult life. They wanted to create a future generation where a proper development of the personality, talents mental and physical abilities of the children will achieve the greatest peak. The government believed that this curriculum would help in creating individuals who would be matured enough to take the responsibilities and career decisions to excel in life (Kidner 2013). The existing policies for achieving educational excellence were verified through conversations with teachers, educators, policy experts, and others to cover the loopholes and publish strategies that would help to achieve the goals. This background was based on the political arena and had covered the political backdrop of the release of the policy (Macdonald 2014). If one wants to ponder over the social background of the emergence of the policy, then it can be stated that proper educational reforms seemed very important according to the policy makers. The nation needed to understand that if one wants to develop the economic stability of the nation, the proper publication of the policy with correct strategies is very important. Development of a strategy to efficiently handle the growing diversity with kindness and open-mindedness, reduce poverty and low employment issues and for promoting healthcare is very important. Therefore it leads the Department of Education, and the young people believe that providing correct moral, virtues and values through education would help to meet the crisis period. This would have also helped the students to suit themselves with the continuous modifying environment and thereby help the learners to adapt themselves to the changing demands of the global economy. Moreover, it had also been stated that in spite of the current educational policy had numerous features, but somehow the children were not able to achieve entirely what they are capable to (Doyle and Brown 2013). These backgrounds were responsible for the development of an educational policy that would try to look for all the loopholes. The new policy would try to solve issues faced by all the stakeholders and produce a foolproof plan with correct strategies. Approach to the policy: While analyzing the policy, one should follow the Rizvi and Lingard method of assessment of the frameworks of different educational policies. Those authors along with their contemporary researcher Taylor had established that a particular perspective of post-national dimensions is indeed very helpful for the critical analysis of a particular educational policy. However, they did not ignore the realities of the state. To be specific, they stated that national governments should be the collaboration site of transnational institutions and global ideologies. These will seek to steer for the social imaginaries of policy actors also including national traditions and local policies at the same time. They have stated clearly that to study educational policies in the recent era of globalization certain criteria are to be kept in mind. They have found out through various researches over a large number of state, national and global policies (Rizvi and Lingard, review 2010). The interested learners and researchers should study the educational policies by initiating the development of certain specific theoretical and methodological approaches. These approaches would be based on the perspective and compete for evaluation of the global, post-national dimension at the same time of including into accounts of state realities. It helps to shed light on the recent social and economic consequences that arose from the misleading of the concept of neoliberalism in every nation. Its effects on the educational policy are high and therefore the Rizvi and Lingard's method of assessing educational policy as helped researchers to ask various questions. The author views are often found to be credential in assessing critical arguments on the concept of globalizing educational policy. They also represent the theoretical as well as the practical initiation for rethinking and then following re-elaborating educational policy. Hence, their way help in providing many questions w hich when answered can give a scenario for the loopholes and success of the issues (Rizvi and Lingard 2013). Curriculum policy analysis and findings: Main underpinnings: One can pick out two important areas where one can focus their discussion about. The first important question that one needs to assess while analyzing the current policy is that whether it has focused on the inequality issues or not. It is noted that the policy although keeps inequality as a background for the introduction of the revised policy of education in Scotland, the entire text did not mention any significant initiative to reduce the inequality often faced by different learners in the process. Inequality is not being addressed properly that is no initiative is taken significantly for reduction of inequality. As a result, in the second phase of the term years of the curriculum of Excellence, it is noted that the outcome of the policy has been varying among different schools over Scotland (Smith 2.016). This is mainly because biases and the distinction of students between different privileged and underprivileged backgrounds have still been present in Scotland. Moreover, issue s uch as sexism, classism, homophobic behavior, disabilities is also not addressed. However in the long run, from different sources, gender differentiation and classism issues have been seen to be reported by different researchers (Priestley and Minty 2013). To analyze the question that whether the policy text poses importance of knowledge as ideas and concepts or as competence and skills, one needs to have a thorough analysis of the entire text. Although there is no particular mention that the curriculum imposes knowledge into specific categories, an idea can be made after evaluation of the entire text. If one ponders over the phrase used "education should be directed to the development of the personality, talents and mental and physical abilities of the child or young person to their fullest potential" and that "due regard, so far as is reasonably practicable, should be paid to the views of the child or young person in decisions that significantly affect them, taking account of the child or young person's age and maturity" From this quote one can assume that the policy makers termed education as the provision of knowledge that would not only help the children to develop ideas and concepts through the application of eight different subj ects that are proposed. They would also involve the development of skills and maturities that would help them to be competitive and at the same time give them the capability to achieve their dream career after being extremely talented in the application of their skills (Humes 2013). Therefore, answering the question would be a little tricky as the policy covered a broader aspect of knowledge and education. Policy design: If one asks a question about the layout, design and use of color, then it can be said that the vocabulary that had been followed in the text is not too complicated. It is easy enough for ordinary readers to understand and apprehend the text easily. The background of the text is kept in white with writings done in black. To denote the important points and statements, the green color is used that shows high significance value to the readers. The writings are not compact but very clear and therefore it can be read easily. The questions about the main cohorts of readers of the policy and the text would be the young people who would be interested enough to utilize it as a consort where they would like to include different skills in their active life. It would help them with more options like art, drama, and other activities. They would also read it to achieve the higher standard of education, by focusing on the purposes of learning abilities. Parents can develop a sense of clear understanding of the requirements and the opportunities available for their wards (Priestley and Biesta 2013). Therefore they can provide proper support and hence develop their childs future. The teachers and educators can also use it as the guidelines which when followed by them clearly will help to develop their skills in teaching (Wallace and Priestley 2016). Discussions and implications in school: To refer to the issue of inequality, it should be stated that the teacher and the educators should be careful enough not to allow any inequality among the learners. Biases between students among different backgrounds need to be avoided by the teachers. Recent studies have shown that quality of education received from all the schools has not been similar and inequality has been a reason behind that. Students should have the scope of receiving the equal share of affection and knowledge from their teacher that would ultimately make the policy successful (Forsyth 2014). The schools should instill the concept of knowledge in the students in such a way so that not only they develop ideas and concepts about the certain subjects that are included in the curriculum. They should also make the student understand that knowledge could be their main weapon of survival in the competitive world. They have to develop their skills and talents in their field of interest so that they can apply such skills in their employment areas and earn sufficiently to live a happy life (Hayward and Hutchinson 2013). As the policy shows texts which are easy and can be understood easily, the teachers should not only follow them as guidelines but also can influence the students to go through them so that they can understand the efficiency of education in their future life. Once they understand how going through a routine discipline can help them achieve their goals they would be filled with more enthusiasm. Various cohorts of readers can go through the curriculum policy. For example, the parents can thereby understand the ways Scottish schools work and would be able to adapt to their environment. They can also assist their children with the school work as they can understand the demands of their schools (McKechan and Ellis 2014). Therefore, in various ways, one can find that the policy can have a propounding impact on the schools of Scotland and other associated stakeholders as well. Conclusion: From the above essay, one can thereby understand that curriculum for Excellence provided by the Department of Education and Young people have tried its best to cover a curriculum suitable for the budding children and their future dreams. There are certain areas like inequality and poverty which has not been properly covered in the policy texts. Moreover, they have also explained the gaining of knowledge in a controversial context. However, not many loopholes are found, and the different mentioned underpinnings can be closely evaluated and imposed in the school system. The educators should be polished enough to handle the underpinnings effectively. This essay hopes the success of the policy in the coming terms in the following years to be a major success. References: Authority, S.Q., 2014. 174.13 Qualifications Development Consultant (Languages)Curriculum for Excellence. Doyle, L. and Brown, V., 2013. Curriculum for Excellence: Impact on higher education. Final report Fazal, R. and Lingard, B., 2013. Globalizing education policy.Online: Taylor and Francis. Forsyth, S., 2014. Curriculum for Excellence and the Donaldson Report: a coherent approach supporting teachers in the move towards evidence based practice.The Scottish Association for Teachers of Physical Education On-line Journal,1(2). Gov.scot. (2017). A Curriculum for Excellence - The Curriculum Review Group. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/11/20178/45862 [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Hayward, E.L. and Hutchinson, C., 2013. Exactly what do you mean by consistency?Exploring concepts of consistency and standards in Curriculum for Excellence in Scotland.Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy Practice,20(1), pp.53-68. Hedge, N. and MacKenzie, A., 2016. Scotlands Curriculum for Excellence: a defence of autonomy and personhood.Oxford Review of Education,42(1), pp.1-15. Humes, W., 2013. The Origins and development of curriculum for excellence: Discourse, politics and control.Reinventing the curriculum: New trends in curriculum policy and practice, pp.13-34. Kidner, C., 2013. Curriculum for excellence. Macdonald, I., 2014. CURRICULUM FOR EXCELLENCE: a study of art design and the impact on Higher Education.AD, (9), pp.24-25. McKechan, S. and Ellis, J., 2014. Collaborative learning in the Scottish curriculum for excellence: The challenges of assessment and potential of multi-touch technology.Education 3-13,42(5), pp.475-487. Priestley, M. and Biesta, G. eds., 2013.Reinventing the curriculum: New trends in curriculum policy and practice. AC Black. Priestley, M. and Minty, S., 2013. Curriculum for Excellence:'A brilliant idea, but...'.Scottish Educational Review,45(1), pp.39-52. RIZVI, F. and LINGARD, B. 2010. Globalizing Education Policy. London and New York. [online] orbisscholae.cz. Available at: https://www.orbisscholae.cz/archiv/2010/2010_2_09.pdf [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Smith, J., 2016. What remains of History? Historical epistemology and historical understanding in Scotlands Curriculum for Excellence (Forthcoming).Curriculum Journal Wallace, C.S. and Priestley, M.R., 2016. Secondary science teachers as curriculum makers: Mapping and designing Scotland's new Curriculum for Excellence.Journal of Research in Science Teaching.

Is The Mind Distinct From The Body Essays - Cognitive Science, Mind

Is The Mind Distinct From The Body Is the mind distinct from the body? Some would choose to declare that every human being is both a body and a mind. Both being gelled together until death, than having the mind go on to exist and the body being lifeless. A person lives throughout two collateral histories, one having to do with what happens to the body and in it, and the other being what happens in and to the mind. What happens to the body is public and what happens to the mind is private. The events which reply to the body consist of the physical world, and the events of the mind consist of the mental world. It has been argued whether a person can directly observe all or a select few of situations of ones own private history. According to the official doctrine by Descartes at least some of these situations one has direct and unchallengeable cognisance. It is ordinary to declare branching of two lives and of two worlds by stating that the things and events which belong to the physical world as well as ones own body are external. While on the other hand t he work of owns mind are internal. This contradiction of outer and inner is absolutely meant to be interpreted as a metaphor. Since minds could not be described as being spatially inside anything else, or as having things going on spatially inside themselves. Even when inner and outer are construed as metaphors, the problem of how ones mind and body can influence one another is well-known charged with abstract difficulties. Therefore there is a popular conflict between mind and matter. A conflict which is often brought out as follows. Material objects are categorized as space and what happens to one body in one part of a space is mechanically combined with what happens to other bodies in other parts of space. On the other hand, mental occurrences happen in insulated fields known as minds and there is no direct connection between what happens in another. Only from the public physical world can the mind of one person change or make a difference of another person. People can see, hear, and touch one anothers bodies, but they are irremediably blind and deaf to the work of one anothers mind and impaired upon them. A person has direct knowledge of the best possible kind of work of ones own mind. The inner life is a course of consciousness of such a sort that it would be foolish to suggest that the mind whose life is that course might be unaware of what is passing it down. A minds reports of its own affairs has a certainty superior to the best that is possessed by its reports of matters in the physical world. Direct access to the workings of a mind is the privileged of that mind itself. In error of such privileged access, the workings of one mind are eventually hidden to everyone else. Only ones own privileged access to the course of direct awareness and introspection could provide authentic testimony that these mental-conduct verbs were correctly or incorrectly utilized. Finding mental-conduct concepts being regularly and effectively used, they properly sought to fix their reasonable geography. On the other hand, the reasonable geography conventionally officially endorsed would require that there could be no regular or effective use of these mental-conduct concepts in our descriptions of and prescriptions for other peoples minds. My conclusion is that the mind is distinct from the body. Many examples by Gilbert Ryle show that when the body dies, the mind goes on into existence. Therefore the mind is distinct from the body. Although they are both a part of a human being, there are different levels of physical and mental emotions that show distinct from each other. Philosophy

The War In Afghanistan essays

The War In Afghanistan essays In the early morning of September 11, 2001, the United States was awaked to the news that the World Trade Center and Pentagon had been hit by commercial airlines. The deed was stated by President Bush, as an apparent terrorist act. The initial response of America was to go and hunt down all who practice the Muslim faith and to retaliate and possibly initiate a war. But is violence the right way to react. In this case, violence is an acceptable way to respond. If the United States did not fight back in some way, shape, or form, it may have lead other countries to believe that we have no way to defend ourselves, therefore making it seem that we are an inferior nation. As a nation, when a problem like this comes about, we should not just brush it off and say it happens, but we should find some means of defending ourselves. If somebody was threatening your life, you have the right to defend yourself. Though some people may believe in nonviolence, in modern society, this is not the best way of getting your point across when you are dealing with possible war. Following the attacks on September 11th, President Bush announced that the reason he would strike back was not only to get vengeance, but also to wipe out terrorism. In his address to the nation he stated: America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world and we stand together to win the war against terrorism (Bush page 2). If his purpose for violence is to help expunge evil, does that still make it wrong? The United States is the most powerful country in the world. But that does not mean that the USA is the most liked. As a country we need to live up to the standards set to us by the world. By standing around after the attacks, that may be seen as weak. If the USA retaliates it will show other countries that the USA is the most powerful country and is not to be reckoned with. This retribution ...

Free Essays on Acropolis

Acropolis I. Introduction Acropolis (Greek akros, â€Å"highest†; polis, â€Å"city†), fortified natural stronghold or citadel in ancient Greece. The Greeks built their towns in plains near or around a rocky hill that could easily be fortified and defended. The word acropolis referred both to the hill and to what was built on it. Almost every Greek city had its acropolis, which provided a place of refuge for townspeople during times of war. Sometimes the ruler of the town lived within the walls of this stronghold. In many cases the acropolis became the site of temples and public buildings and thus served as the town’s religious center and the focal point of its public life and as a place of refuge. The best-known acropolis of the ancient world is the Acropolis of Athens. The ruins of its temples and their sculptures are widely regarded as the finest examples of ancient Greek art and architecture. Built on a limestone hill that rises about 150 m (about 500 ft) above sea level, the Acropolis dominates the city of Athens. It houses the remains of the Parthenon, a magnificent temple dedicated to the goddess Athena; the Propylaea, a monumental marble gateway and the main entrance to the Acropolis; the Erechtheum, a temple famous for the perfection of its details; and the Temple of Athena Nike.... Free Essays on Acropolis Free Essays on Acropolis Acropolis I. Introduction Acropolis (Greek akros, â€Å"highest†; polis, â€Å"city†), fortified natural stronghold or citadel in ancient Greece. The Greeks built their towns in plains near or around a rocky hill that could easily be fortified and defended. The word acropolis referred both to the hill and to what was built on it. Almost every Greek city had its acropolis, which provided a place of refuge for townspeople during times of war. Sometimes the ruler of the town lived within the walls of this stronghold. In many cases the acropolis became the site of temples and public buildings and thus served as the town’s religious center and the focal point of its public life and as a place of refuge. The best-known acropolis of the ancient world is the Acropolis of Athens. The ruins of its temples and their sculptures are widely regarded as the finest examples of ancient Greek art and architecture. Built on a limestone hill that rises about 150 m (about 500 ft) above sea level, the Acropolis dominates the city of Athens. It houses the remains of the Parthenon, a magnificent temple dedicated to the goddess Athena; the Propylaea, a monumental marble gateway and the main entrance to the Acropolis; the Erechtheum, a temple famous for the perfection of its details; and the Temple of Athena Nike....

Kellogg's business executive summary Research Paper

Kellogg's business executive summary - Research Paper Example There are many other external challenges which an organization faces apart from its internal challenges and problems. In order to conduct the study on organizational problems Kellogg’s has been chosen as the organization. There is no specific reason for choosing this organization but given its presence in the market for over a hundred years and a huge brand value will certainly help the cause. The study is aimed to provide more insights which determines and gives rise to some of the organizational problem and also to evaluate the required solutions for assisting the organization in the formation of a new strategy or a course of action. The report will highlight the problems that Kellogg’s has faced recently. Apart from this the report will also try to put some of the ways by which the problems can be sorted out. After the recommended plan it will be illustrating some of the techniques by which the proposed solutions can be implemented and further evaluated. After studyi ng the subject and conducting the required researches the key findings of the report are the problems which Kellogg’s is facing presently or has faced in the recent past. The problems are the common problems which an organization usually faces in their operations and some other specific issues. The significant issues which have been taken into are the rising cost of raw materials, reduces bargaining power, issues related to packaging and the traditional problem with competitors. Among the aforementioned issues this report will principally focus on the rising cost of raw materials. The report will also highlight the core reasons for which there is an increase in the price of raw materials. Now in order to get rid from the focused problem it has been recommended that Kellogg’s must have mutual contracts with their suppliers for pre booking the raw materials in the current market price by paying in advance. The company should also make sure that they purchase large amount of raw materials for availing discounts. The company must also focus on cutting down the cost of some superfluous factors which will help the company to strengthen its current financial position. Position Kellogg’s company along with its subsidiaries, is affianced in the production and marketing of ready to consume cereals and other convenience foods (Companydatabase n.d.). Kellogg’s was founded in the year 1906 by Will Keith Kellogg and John Harvey Kellogg in the name of ‘Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company’ (Kellogg’s n.d.). And the organization got renamed as Kellogg Company during the year 1922. The company is presently headquartered at Battle Creek, Michigan, USA. It is presently headed by David McKay. The company started its operation with only 44 employees but today it has made its presence in more than 180 countries around the world and manufactures in 18 countries (Kelloggcompany n.d.). In order to sell their product in the market the company uses brokers or distribution channels. They principally targets grocery shops for the distribution of products which are intended for the end users or the consumers. Some of the essential products of the company

Law - INFRINGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law - INFRINGEMENT - Assignment Example hese reported incidents with the proceeding of court decision is of copying brand name and logo of â€Å"Nutella† and launching its replica â€Å"Nutello†. Although â€Å"Nutella† was a chocolate spread and â€Å"Nutello† was a beverage series of coffee, cocoa and tea, still the court decides the following with special reference to Singapore Business law, The law states that phrase or the name of the replica must have a visual, aural and conceptual compatibility. In this case the name do possesses visual and aural similarity but the concept was a bit different of both the organizations. The court concluded that the products will be regarded alike even when one of these three aspects is missing. This is because a relationship must be established and accessed with the terms under which the â€Å"Nutella† has been made in record and not what it is actually dealing with. Word mark â€Å"Nutella† has been registered for anything that deals with chocolate that relates to chocolate in any physical form (Gallezo, 2013). The judicial panel examined the concept of dilution in detail and concluded that the according to Section 2 (1) (b) of the trade mark act, dilution even if not likelihood to cause bewilderment and uncertainty in the general public, still is regarded as infringement because that make likely to cause it in prospect. The conclusion was yes, as there are drastic changes in the financial response of customer so this cannot be measured and predicted. For this purpose any infringe product if not giving economical loss now, can be damaging for the financial status of the trade mark holder in the near future. For this purpose infringement must be condemned at all stages. A similar incident has been reported in Thailand in which the KFC (renowned fast food chain) has been copied by a small restaurant in which the owner of that eatery uses same logo and color combination as that of KFC but uses the picture of Hitler (the notorious ruler) instead of Colonel Sanders who

Minor Assignment Marketing Mix Essay Example for Free

Minor Assignment Marketing Mix Essay Introduction This report has been compiled in order to describe the four most common elements of the marketing mix which are described by Elliot, Rundle-Thiele and Waller (2010 p.18-21) in the following few sentences. * Product – â€Å"A good, service or idea offered to the market for exchange.† (p.18) * Price – â€Å"The amount of money a business demands in exchange for its offerings.† (p.20) * Promotion – â€Å"The marketing activities that make potential customers, partners and society aware of and attracted to the business’s offerings. † (p.20) * Place (Distribution) – â€Å"The means of making the offering available to the customer at the right time and place† (p.21) In conjunction with these descriptions, all four marketing mix elements will be analysed and shown how they can be applied to retail petrol outlets and the products which are made available to customers. The Marketing Mix Elliot et. al describe the marketing mix as â€Å"the different elements that marketers need to consider.† (2010 p. 18) When using the marketing mix to market retail petrol outlets such as Caltex Woolworths or Coles Express, marketers need to consider the Product, Price, Promotion and Distribution (Place) of not only petrol, but many other consumer and specialty products which retail petrol outlets offer. Product It can be seen in retail petrol stations that other than the expected fuels like unleaded and diesel which are generally relatively low in terms of their profit margin, â€Å"some oil firms claim that supermarkets sell petrol at a loss in order to attract customers.† (The Economist, 1996 p.58) Other products are required in order to boost profits for the retail petrol chains’ owner. These other products are mostly the convenience type and can range from the daily newspaper and chewing gum, to a bottle of orange juice or a loaf of bread. There are three categories of convenience products outlined by Elliot et al. which are all found in retail petrol outlets and include staple products, impulse products and emergency products. (2010 p. 207) * Staple products – These are considered to be everyday grocery products like bread and milk, purchased regularly by consumers and therefore aren’t heavily promoted * Impulse products – These are considered to be only purchased when seen, like confectionary or magazines which are eye catching and are usually found around the cash register. * Emergency products – These are considered to be those products which are only purchased when really needed, like a raincoat or an umbrella. Although there are a lot of products sold by retail petrol outlets like Caltex Woolworths and Coles Express, the obvious product centred on all retail petrol outlets is the fuel supplied to consumers. The varieties of fuels which can be purchased can include: * E10 – 10% Ethanol. * E85 – 85% Ethanol. * E95 – 95% Ethanol. * Unleaded – Standard fuel. * Hi Octane – Offered for high performance vehicles. * LPG – Alternative to liquid fuel, a Gas product. * Diesel – More efficient lower sulphur producing by product. There is a vast selection of fuels for consumers to choose from and although the blends of fuels stay similar, the names and descriptions of these fuels tend to change from outlet to outlet. For example, when you drive into a Caltex Woolworths you are confronted with the choice of â€Å"Caltex Vortex 95 or 98,† both are hi octane blends offered to a prospective purchaser. (Woolworths fuels, Website.) Price When dealing with topic of pricing in retail petrol stores, the outcome of the price has to be both beneficial to the seller, and seen as a good deal to the buyer, otherwise no trades will take place. As stated previously, petrol itself tends to have a lower margin for profit which means the strategic pricing of other products in-store needs to be addressed as well as ensuring that the price of petrol is not seen as out of balance with other suppliers. There is an obvious demand for petrol, as almost everyone who is able, drives or rides a vehicle which requires fuel to run. So it could be argued that retail petrol stations don’t necessarily set their own prices, but go off supplier guidelines which base their fuel pricing strategy on demand, â€Å"Demand based pricing sets prices according to the level of aggregate or individual customer demand in the market.† (Elliott et al. 2010 p. 250) Elliott et al. also continue to write that both Caltex Woolworths and Coles Express hold more than 60% of the Australian fuel market share (2010 p.268) so high demand from their suppliers will enable them to lower their fuel prices and therefore gain more customers, earning higher profits. Pricing of other products offered by retail petrol outlets such as bread or milk tend to have the opportunity to be competitive and more fairly priced than a standard petrol station, the major grocery companies behind retail petrol outlets like Woolworths and Coles focus on gaining more ground off one and other, price drops are reflected in store and this also proves more profitable, because consumers are drawn into purchasing something they wouldn’t normally associate with their petrol. Promotion An important aspect in the success of retail petrol outlets is in their promotion, or the way in which their fuels and other products are portrayed to potential customers. There are many numbers of ways in which retail petrol outlets use promotional tools to make the public more aware of what their outlet has to offer. Using the Coles Express website for example, it can be seen that promotion plays a major role in the marketing of retail petrol outlets, on the homepage can be found five key promotional campaigns designed to catch the eye of potential customers. The opportunity to win â€Å"the ultimate weekend Ferrari drive experience† or â€Å"two Cadbury chocolate bars for four dollars† (Coles Express, website) are two examples of how Coles Express use promotion as a tool to gain the interest of potential customers. The use of shopper dockets and rewards cards are also a major way in which retail petrol outlets have promoted themselves, using incentives of cheaper fuel by spending amounts of money in store or purchasing earlier in their supermarkets and bringing the docket to the petrol station in order to gain the fuel discount. In the recent past, retail petrol outlets have encouraged shoppers to buy big in store in order to earn big discounts off fuel â€Å"motorists who spend more than $300 during one supermarket visit during the next three days receive a 40 cent per litre petrol discount. Shoppers who spend more than $200 or more receive a 25 cent a litre discount, while those who spend $100 or more get a 10 cent a litre discount.† (Cranston 2009) Woolworths have the â€Å"Everyday Rewards† program, and Coles have the â€Å"Fly buys† rewards program. Both these programs offer rewards point in exchange for purchases made in their outlets. Another way in which retail petrol outlets can promote their product is through sponsorship, Coles Express for example are sponsoring Daffodil day, a program not normally associated with fuel but this can help to grow an organisations image, by supporting such a worthy cause, Coles express may gain respect from the community and in turn boost their profits. Place (Distribution) The transportation and distribution of products including fuel to retail petrol outlets operates under the marketing mix category of â€Å"Place.† â€Å"The science (or art) of ensuring products are in the right place at the right time in the right quantity is known as logistics and the various partners that contribute to the process make up is called the supply chain.† (Elliot et al. 2010 p.21) Retail petrol outlets operate somewhat differently to conventional service stations, the retail petrol outlets are often situated near to a parent supermarket company (in the same complex) which makes supply of products other than fuel relatively easy as the distance for stock to travel is minimal. When looking at the fuel aspect, it can be seen that the logistics tend to become a lot more involved and a more defined supply chain emerges. * First fuel is sourced from their respective supplier (Caltex or Shell) on a relatively routine basis, as fuel is a required product for most of the community. * The fuel is then transported by truck from oil refineries which are based in more coastal areas (Caltex oil refinery in Kurnell NSW) which makes it easier to transfer oil from overseas oil barges when new shipments arrive. * When the trucks reach the retail petrol outlet the fuel is then pumped into underground holding tanks, where the fuel can now be distributed to the customer via the petrol pump and now exchange of fuels can be made for a profit. Conclusion This report was compiled in order to describe the four elements of the marketing mix: * Product * Price * Promotion * Place (distribution) The descriptions of these marketing mix elements were also shown in application; how they are applied when breaking down the four aspects in relation to retail petrol outlets. Focusing on the Caltex Woolworths and Coles Express partnerships it was able to be shown how the marketing mix elements are applied. Products have been broken down into specific fuels and other items which are available to potential customers, these products have also been categorised as either: Staple, Impulse or Emergency. Price has been shown to be of vital importance, and the outcome of the price has to be both beneficial to the seller, and seen as a good deal to the buyer. Promotion has also proven to be of high importance to the overall marketing of retail petrol outlets, the use of shopper dockets for discounts, and sponsorship for awareness and image are important promotional tools outlined above. Place (Distribution) outlines the logistics and supply chain which is in place for retail petrol outlets to gain their product in order to forward it onto the paying public to gain an overall profit. All four of these marketing mix elements play their own equally pivotal role in ensuring the successful operation of retail petrol outlets. References Coles Express website www.colesexpress.com.au Cranston, B. (2009) NSW: ACCC investigating supermarket petrol promotion. AAP Australian National News wire Elliott, G. Rundle-Thiele, S. Waller, D. (2010) Marketing. Pump Action, The Economist. (1996) Vol. 338 Issue 7950, page 58 Woolworths petrol website www.woolworthspetrol.com.au

Southern View of Religion in Lillian Smith’s Killers of the Dream Essay

Southern View of Religion in Lillian Smith’s Killers of the Dream â€Å"Our first lesson about God made the deepest impression on us. We were told that He loved us, and then we were told that He would burn us in everlasting flames of hell if we displeased Him. We were told we should love Him for He gives us everything good that we have, and then we were told that we should fear Him because He has the power to do evil to us whenever He cares to. We learned from this part of the lesson another: that â€Å"people,† like God and parents, can love you and hate you at the same time; and though they may love you, if you displease them they may do you great injury; hence being loved by them does not give you protection from being harmed by them. We learned that They (parents) have a â€Å"right† to act in this way because God does, and that They in a sense represent God, in the family.† -Lillian Smith, Killers of the Dream, p. 85 This short passage introduces the first of many paradoxes and contradictions that dominate the Southern way of life that Smith depicts in Killers of the Dream. It is fitting that Smith (and her contemporaries) should remember their first lesson about God as a terrifying self-contradiction, because this theme perpetuates itself in the Southern view of religion. It lays the framework for a theological doctrine that banishes a person to the flames of hell for taking a sip of alcohol, yet turns its head as human beings banish others to the ghettos and old slave quarters for having dark skin. This passage also creates a parallel between the white people and their role as the â€Å"God† of Southern society. Smith states, â€Å"We were told we should love Him for He gives us everything good that we have, and then we were told that... ...hild understands his relationship with God and his parents as such, it is fairly natural that he will grow up to perpetuate a facsimile of that relationship between himself and his own children and the black community, both environments in which he is â€Å"God.† Smith summarizes her description of her early â€Å"lesson† with â€Å"We learned that They (parents) have a â€Å"right† to act in this way because God does, and that They in a sense represent God, in the family.† This satirical presentation of the word â€Å"right† in parentheses both the parental and the societal desire for the white man to play God. However, Smith ironically suggest that God does not act this way, He is simply drawn into the trial as an unwitting testimonial justifying the behavior that society wants to believe is right, despite their gnawing knowledge that it is far from right, and far from human, or humane.

Violent Tv Programs

violent tv programs have been blamed for causing crime rates to rise in many countries. but many people dont agree that violence is related to TV viewing. Discuss the possible reasons for both opinions. give your opinion as to wether or not violent programs should be taken off the air. It has long been asserted that watching crime on television or playing violent video games contributes to violent behavior. In other words, it is what a person watches that allegedly influences and desensitizes him. Thus he becomes violent. Consider the absurdity of such a thesis! . People who are fascinated and excited by violence and other crimes gravitate to particular types of programs and games and immerse themselves in them, some for hours each day. Their absorption with violence reflects their personality. 2. Millions of people view violence in television programming†¦ It is entertainment or news. That's it! The viewers do not consider for a moment enacting what they see. The same is true w ith playing video games. They are solely for recreation. 3. There is such a thing as a â€Å"copycat† crime.A person watches a crime enacted in detail on television and then does the same thing. His decision to do so reflects a mind that has long been fascinated and excited by crime and violence. For every person who might fantasize about, then replicate the crime, millions of people who saw the very same thing reject it, are repulsed by it, and never would be tempted to enact what they watched. Related Articles Massacre for the Media One-Way Trip to Davy Jones' Locker Porn For Pedophiles: ‘Sexy Children' On Parade â€Å"Forced† to Kill You FirstCasey Anthony Is Found Not Guilty Of Killing Her Daughter Find a Therapist Search for a mental health professional near you. Critical is not what is on the screen or in the game but what already resides in the mind of the viewer, reader, game player, or listener. A â€Å"not guilty by reason of television† defense failed many years ago in a Florida courtroom. Violent tendencies reside within the personality, whether or not the person watches programming depicting violence. The television program, the movie, or the videogame do not turn him into something alien to his basic personality.

Anglican Church and the Monarchy

Religion was an ongoing cause of issues in history, and the Church of England was no exception. Issues with the monarchy ruling the church in Britain was the reason for many debates, wars, civil issues and rights to the throne. Initially the Church was under Papal rule, making the Pope have control over something the Throne did not. Hunger for power in the sixteenth century was not limited to land control and civil control; it spread right up to the Church of England causing many problems for the monarchy and Papal authority.The argument during this time was whether or not the monarch had the right to rule church and state, or if the church was meant to be run by Papal authority. The Church of England has a deep history going back to the Roman Empire. An invasion in Britain in the fifth century by pagan Angles, Saxons and Jutes caused the Church to lose its organization. Missionary work in the 6th Century by Pope Gregory the Great, led by St Augustine of Canterbury led to the eventua l combination of three forms of Christianity.The new Church of England amalgamated the Roman tradition of St Augustine, the old Romano-British church and the Celtic traditions from Scotland. As a result of this new formation the influence of the Church was wider spread and more organized. Traditions assimilated with the Western Christians such as liturgy, theology and church architecture. All of this also meant that until the sixteenth century the Church of England was under Papal rule and was considered a branch of the Roman Catholic Church.The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety Five Theses. They opposed the Catholic Churches doctrines and stated that the teachings and sales of indulgences and the abuses of them showed corruption in the religion. This was the jumping off point for many people questioning the Catholic Church. In the sixteenth century the English monarchy began to question the fact that their church was still following the au thority of the Pope. A main factor in this questioning came from King Henry VIII.Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine annulled, and his marriage would normally be illegal under church law because Catherine was the widow of his brother, but it had been allowed by special consideration from the Pope. Henry claimed that the Papal consideration contradicted church law and therefore the marriage was not legal. The pope upheld his choice and refused to annul the marriage. The underlying cause was the fact that many believed that the authority of the church should belong to the English monarchy not the Pope.Henry broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and declared himself the head of the Church of England (1534), removing the church from the authority of the Pope. During this time Henry also forced the Dissolution of the Monasteries, this was viewed as suppressing the catholic faith. He also started statutes, such as, Statute in Restraint of Appeals, 1533, various Acts of Succession 1 533-36, and the first Act of Supremacy in 1536. These acts all dealt with the relationship between the King and the Pope and how the Church of England should be structured.Henry’s belief in the independence of the Church was the dominant influence in making religious policy. Those who still worshipped Catholic rites during Henry’s rule were quietly moved into secrecy. Henry’s son Edward VI further reformed the church by saying that the Protestant Reformation was more like what the Bible’s teachings meant than that of the Pope. Edward was very young when he was in power so most decisions were ultimately decided by a regency council who were mostly Protestant, so of course the decision was made to keep the church under monarch rule.Edward was the first King who had been raised Protestant even though he was only nine when he was crowned his council did allow him to make decisions. By the age of eleven he had already written a treatise on the Pope as Antichri st and made educated notes on theological controversies. Edward wanted to keep the Church of England Protestant rather than Catholic so instead of allowing his half sister Mary to take the throne upon his death he left the crown to Lady Jane Grey. She was only on the throne for nine days before being imprisoned after the council changed sides declaring Mary Queen.During the reign of Mary Tudor (Henry’s daughter) the Church returned to the Pope’s authority. Throughout her father’s and her half brother’s reign Mary had remained loyal to the Roman Catholic faith, she had even asked for a private chapel to worship in since everyone else in the family worshiped under the Church of England. Mary’s change in the Church did not last long when in 1558 Elizabeth I became Queen, and made the Church of England essentially what it is to this day. She removed it from the Pope’s authority, but she kept the catholic creeds, the architecture and aspects of t he catholic liturgy.While keeping aspects of the Catholic Church she also incorporated Protestant insights of theology and the general shape of its liturgical practices. In the seventeenth century the Church of England had another crisis; tensions over theological and liturgical issues were part of the reasons that led to the English Civil War. From 1649-1660 the Church of England’s bishops were abolished and the Book of Common Prayer was banned. During this time the church was under Papal rule but when the monarchy was restored in 1660 these decisions were over turned and once again the Church was returned to monarch authority.In 1689 the Toleration Act was passed and Protestantism was legally accepted as long as they followed the doctrine of the Trinity. After this was passed the Church of England became the mother church of the Anglican Communion. One of the main arguments throughout the formation of the Church of England was whether or not the monarchy had the right to de cide how the church should be run, or if the church is meant to be run by the Pope. Most believed that since the Pope was not politically affiliated with anyone, it made him impartial and made his rule of the church more pure.He was the representative of God therefore he could settle doctrinal disputes and help spread Christianity without influence from political leaders. Pope Paul III formed the Council of Trent (1545-49) which made the Papacy have power over rulers who wanted to reconcile with Protestants and who were opposed to Papal claims. The monarchy was too powerful and eventually the Papal authority had to bring their focus to spiritual issues as opposed to trying to get secular power (It was not until 1929 that the Lateran Treaty was passed that guaranteed papal independence from secular rule).When the English monarchy declared that the Pope was corrupt and Antichrist they pulled the Church of England out from under papal rule. The throne holds complete political authority in its own state, but the argument of whether this authority crosses over to religion as well was ongoing for many years. Henry VIII makes it easier for himself by having Parliament pass an act appointing him and his successors the head of the Church of England so that they could rule the church whatever way they please. This act caused more problems than solved because now every time the throne was changed the church was changed.The political side of the monarch caused more problems as well. By having political affiliations the monarchs chose rules of the church to follow that suited their political alliances. Affiliations with Scotland made them include Scottish traditions into the Church of England, but bad blood between the British and the Irish made them turn the church away from Catholicism even more. There are arguments that the fact that the Irish worshiped under Papal rule it made the tensions between Britain and Ireland worse.The relationship between France and England wa s even worse; Henry VIII went to war with France three times during his reign. The national religion of France was Catholicism and during this time though there was a large Protestant following, they were greatly persecuted. This was a major contributing factor to these wars; with France under Papal rule and the Protestants being persecuted the British monarchy was livid, giving them plenty of cause to declare war. During this time Henry declared France to be Britain’s number one enemy. When Elizabeth was in power the hostility towards Catholics was increased.While she was not as intense as Henry she did ban mass and other Catholic practices, and also made her Parliament swear an oath of supremacy threatening the charge of treason to anyone who refused. This threat made many Catholics run from England to avoid persecution. Many of these people were writers and went against Protestantism and implied that the Papal authority was superior, but also tried to not anger their Queen in their writings. This showed how the people were expressing their unhappiness in the choices made for them in religious aspects, but they still respected and honored their monarch.Elizabeth’s main fear was that the brash Catholics would attempt to have her taken out of power. Elizabeth’s fear was so profound that in 1571 she passed The Treason Act which made it high treason to say that Elizabeth was not the true monarch. It also made it illegal to say that she was heretic, tyrant, infidel or usurper. This Act made catholic’s even angrier and made them criticize Elizabeth even more. These criticisms towards Elizabeth made her worries of being de-throned more relevant because now Catholic followers were trying to defend Mary Stuart’s right to the English throne.They claimed that Elizabeth caused tensions in foreign affairs because of her focus on religion. At the same time all of these writings that criticize Elizabeth’s choices for religion, they still spoke kindly of her as a person and a Queen in other aspects. Most respected her as a Queen but condemned her choices towards the Church of England. During this time many Catholic writers from France also condemned Elizabeth’s choices showing that the tensions between Britain and France were still very much active in her reign as in Henry’s.The monarchies strive for complete power in the sixteenth century did them more harm than good. Instead of gaining the trust and fellowship of their people, they caused war, tensions, and general unrest among most of their people. With debates between the Papal authorities, who at the time the people viewed as a direct line to God, and the monarch caused distrust for the people against their leaders. With no right to their own choices in religion people that went against the crown were exiled, imprisoned, or worse, executed for their thoughts and beliefs.With most of Britain being raised Catholic during this time a sudden swi tch by Henry VIII because of his unhappiness seemed ungodly. The choice to remove the church from the Papal authority was viewed as blasphemous, and it made the people view their King in a different light. Most of Britain lost faith in their Crown during these Reformations because of unorganized systems, and a constant change between monarch authority and Papal rule. Tensions between Britain and neighboring Countries did not help the monarch’s relationship with their people either, as much of the cause of these tensions was from the monarch persecuting Catholics.The goal of total power over the people, land and neighboring Countries by the monarch was not a success because there was no consistency in the way they chose to run their Parliament, church and state. The monarch may have believed that they had the right to run their church, but realistically the political affiliations and personal wants caused more destruction than if they had allowed a more pure source to lead and make decisions for the church. Ultimately relationships in Western Europe could have drastically changed if the Church of England had remained under Papal authority.

Six Amendment essays

Six Amendment essays From the Federal Crimes Act of 1790 to Miranda v. Arizona 364 U.S. 436 (1966) the Sixth Amendment right to counsel had developed tremendously. This essay will explore the development of the Sixth Amendment, including what the Sixth Amendment is and when it applies to a individual. The notion of effective counsel will also be defined by the Court. The Sixth Amendment was long interpreted as only meaning the right to counsel of ones choice and at ones own expense. It has since come to mean the right to appointed counsel for those who cannot afford one. The shift came in Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), or the famous Scottsboro Case. The convictions in that case (of several black youths accused of raping two white women) were overturned on ground that the defendants did not receive a fair trial because their right to effective counsel were denied. In Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), the Supreme Court ruled that only in special circumstances, should counsel be appointed. However, in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), the Court overturned Betts and extended the right to counsel to the accused in all states in all criminal cases. In Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972) the Court applied the right to counsel to all offenses involving the possibility of imprisonment. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel has came along way. The Sixth Amendment guarantees an accused the assistance of counsel, the rights to be informed of charges and to confront accusers, as well as a right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in all criminal cases. The right to counsel applies whenever a person feels they need it. The right to counsel includes a right to effective counsel. In United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 640 (1984) Justice Stevens explains that a competent counsel is essential to the accusatory system. The Court remains reluctant to find attorneys that are incompetent. ...

Foreign Marriage Customs essays

Foreign Marriage Customs essays In the Bosnian culture it is very common to see new couples moving in with the husbands parents after they marry. Usually the husband is already living with his parents because its rare that any of them move out until after they marry. The reason many couples make these choices is because of respect for their families, shortage of money, and the need for emotional support. New couples move in with the husbands parents because it shows a sign of respect for the husbands parents from the brides position. It is common that the parents have to give approval of marriage, so to thank tem the bride moves in to their home. At that point the bride completes most of the work around the house and starts learning to cook unless she already learned it at home. This shows the parents that she is ready to take are of their son and after that usually the husbands parents help them out monetarily to building a home of their own. Another reason the new couple moves in with the husbands parents is the shortage of money. Since you rarely see any students work while they are going to school, logically once they graduate from a university they dont have much saved up. Most couples marry soon after graduation. The easiest decision seems to be just to move in with the husbands parents and try to save up as much as possible. Usually the couple lives about two to three years with their parents before moving out. At that point they have a decent amount saved up and in most cases the family helps them out financially as well. While the respect and lack of money are good enough reasons to move in with them, the main reason is for emotional support. Many say that the first few months and years are the toughest in marriage. This way there is family for you to point you in the right direction, teach you the basic values of marriage and to help you solve any problems that you might encounter ...

DWIGHT EISENHOWER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DWIGHT EISENHOWER - Essay Example In 1944-1945, as the leader of the Western Front, Dwight Eisenhower managed to successfully invade and occupy Germany and France1.In 1951, he was appointed as the first military supreme leader of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.He also served as the Chief of Staff, under the Harry Truman presidency. Dwight Eisenhower entered the United States political arena in 1952, in order to counter the threats that came from communist Korea. He also engaged in politics in order to counter the non-interventionism policies that were drafted by Senator Robert Taft. During his first year of presidency2, Eisenhower managed to sponsor a coup in Iran. This led to the overthrow of Mohammad Mosadegh. This was after the Iranian government nationalized its oil reserves, which were mostly controlled by the British and American companies. On this basis, nationalization of the oil reserves would have impacted negatively on the American interests. One of the greatest achievements of Dwight Eisenhower wa s to convince China to stop the1950 to 1953 war that was between South Korea and North Korea. South Korea was supported by United Nations, while North Korea was supported by China. North Korea practiced communism as a system of governance. In this war, under the auspices of the United Nations, United States of America contributed more than 80% of the troops that operated in South Korea.

Prove how a more Community feel to college and more social events can Research Paper

Prove how a more Community feel to college and more social events can lead to higher grades - Research Paper Example These influences may not be exactly related to academics but drift towards an individual’s more personal realm involving their lifestyle and mind-frame while attending these academic institutions. One of these influences is the general feel of the academic institute/college that a person is attending (Brick 23). The ability of the college to provide a more comfortable environment for their students through initiating a â€Å"community feel† around the college is one way that a tertiary institution may be able to assist their students in improving their grades. Problem Definition Tertiary education can be said to be the trickiest part of the academic system as in most cases it is usually meted out in different circumstances than those that individuals had become accustomed to in their past academic experiences (Hanushek 74). This is largely due to the fact that this can be referred to as the final stage of traditional education and thus the environment the student is sub jected is more in tune with the post academic structure they will find after they graduate (Brick 15). This is to say that in college, students are treated more like the adults they will be when released to the world. However this change in scenery may affect individuals negatively as they may find it difficult to cope with the switch leading to a drop in their grades. The drop may be significant or barely noticeable depending on the individual but nonetheless the problem has to be faced in a bid to come up with ways that students are able to improve their grades in college. The more traditional solutions may not work at this time as the environment may not be suitable to cultivate success and thus more conventional methods may be needed. For instance increased study may not work as well as there is no one present to monitor whether an individual has actually increased their level of studying (Pashler 56). Whereas in previous situations such as high school and below there is usually an authoritative figure observing the studying habits of an individual be it a teacher or a parent and thus one is felt compelled to read when they know they are being monitored. However, college brings about a different atmosphere where there is usually no authoritative figure to monitor ones actions (this is usually due to the freedom that comes with moving out of the house.) and thus another source of motivation may have to be found if one wishes for improved grades. This can be seen by the drop in grades of an individual after they have cleared high school and have moved on to college. This is especially true in what can be referred to as the â€Å"non –elite† institutions and mainly consists of community colleges and various institutions on a similar level. The elite institutions (in this case would include schools such as Harvard, Yale, and Brown) may fall out of this category of a drop in grades as the pressure is still there for those who join such institution s to perform (Hanushek 83). The various individuals attending college can be seen as a community and thus a role should be taken up by a member of this particular community to attempt to improve the academic results of the institution in general through finding out ways in which colleges can bring about a more â€Å"

The population dynamics of the grizzly bears Literature Review Essay

The population dynamics of the grizzly bears Literature Review - Essay Example Although the population of each group can fluctuate through death and birth rates, with their own probability of going extinct, these groups can also be supported by other groups through occasional contact. The dynamics of these groups are different not only because their living environments and landscapes are not always equally suitable, but also because of their proximity, or lack of it, to other groups. Limited contact with other groups can force one of these smaller groups to become extinct, leading to the collapse of the entire species if too many groups die out. There are several different ways in which a metapopulation might be organized though, not all fitting this classic definition. For instance, the group could have a core group, from which several subgroups branch off and / or rejoin later. There are also situations in which all members of a species exist in small patches that remain more closely entwined with each other, saving each other from extinction and freely passi ng members from one patch or subgroup to another. There are also situations in which subgroups are sparsely distributed over adequate environments to such an extent that they have no capacity to reach each other and some appropriate living areas remain void of this species.

Intervention in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Intervention in Nigeria Essay When called to account for its lack of direct involvement and intervention in Nigeria, especially in the wake of the politically and financially motivated killing of Nigerian activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, Shell ran full page ads in major publications such as the New York Times to defend its non-action. The reason was a seemingly altruistic and simple one, that it is not befitting for a commercial company to interfere in the politics and the rightful jurisdiction of governments (p. 66). The company further postulated that â€Å"the world where companies use their economic influence to prop up or bring down governments would be a frightening and bleak one indeed† (p. 66). Shell was masterfully employing its spin-doctor expertise to protect its own less-than-noble motives in this ravaged nation, with Nigeria as the ironic victim of an internecine conspiracy perpetuated by her own greedy warlords. Both the political and social situation in Nigeria is dire. The commonfolk are oppressed and live in squalor, again painfully ironic considering just how rich and blessed the land was in her earlier years in this century. The extensive oil exploration and eventual access to the source of oil not only caused a physical blemish on the face of the earth, it stained everything that came into contact with it. The air was bad, the land dotted with pipes, significant spillage abounded, and everything looked bleak. However, the real damage was in the conscience and consciousness of the people, from the tyranny of the perpetrators of power and the murderers of those who went against them, to the greed and heavy regard for material wealth by the ruling elite and their goons, and also to the Shell executives who can disregard their involvement in hastening the demise of a people and exploitation at once both moral and monetary in nature. There is simply no justification or rationalization that will reduce the severity of the intransigence on the part of Shell in the intricacies of its dealings with Nigeria and her people. Is there reason for Shell not to be involved? On the surface, it would appear that Shell has a valid excuse; that government and corporations should never mix, and that to be involved that way would be a serious compromise and blur the lines between autonomy and decency, both political and corporate. However, this is no longer a position from which Shell can hide behind. For years, she had been oiling the pockets and hands of the political and military elite who, once their desires and lusts are well-lubricated, allowed Shell to be the instrument of choice in the exploitation and cherry picking of their land and people. Shell gladly positioned herself to play the role with aplomb, and was almost certainly, if not outright, furthering her advances and deepening her profits, while rewarding Nigeria’s ruling class with luxuries at the open expense of the latter’s people. Shell has lost her moral license, and therefore cannot use this excuse to defend her studied indifference to the chaos and calamity that befell Nigeria surrounding the arrest and execution of cause-celebre Ken Saro-Wiwa. Shell was hard-pressed to do something, anything, to boost her image and public relations. She therefore employed defensive tactics that at once denounced the charges against her, shed a few tears on the public stage to proclaim her innocence and inability to interfere, and used some money to pay off the likelihood of further protests. That speaks volumes about her intent to hide the reality of the situation, and it appears that in a fuel-obsessed world, she may have the upper hand yet.

Measuring Progress in the Technological Transformation of Writing Instruction :: Technology

Measuring Progress in the Technological Transformation of Writing Instruction The most provocative rhetorical moment for any new enterprise is the moment in which someone opines what the enterprise will do, will cause, or will enable. Inventor Dean Kamen claims that the Segway will revolutionize personal transportation. But we must wait and see, with varying degrees of anticipation, whether this comes true. In any popular cultural innovation one cares to name, there is an explicit or implicit claim about the way that the innovation will â€Å"change† or â€Å"transform† life, its quality, or its effect. And one of the most prolific generators of pronouncements of future effect has been that enterprise commonly called the â€Å"computer revolution.† Given that the technologized nature of composition renders it just as prone to pronouncements as to how â€Å"things will be†, and given that it’s important to assess any major enterprise by comparing outcomes to original claims, it makes sense that techno-compositionists have been making reflective and summative assertions about the state of technological writing instruction. Cynthia Selfe, Christina Haas, Barbara Blakely Duffelmeyer, and others have recently and specifically called us to look carefully and critically at the implications of what we are doing as teachers of technologized literacy. On a larger scale, It makes sense to look at the claims made in and by the profession of writing teachers about what will happen to the future of writing in a technological age. Here, we review claims made over the last ten years about the transformation of literacy, writing, and its instruction in the pages of College Composition and Communication, College English, and C omputers and Composition. We then assert how far the profession has really come, as opposed to "how far we thought we'd be," and suggest some ways of overcoming the blocks to reaching these goals. We surveyed CE, CCC, and C&C from 1992 through 2002. We looked exclusively for what we call â€Å"will† claims—that is, direct or obviously implied specific predictive claims of what technology will do to teaching, writing, and literacy, or what will happen in these environments. We focused on these strong statements, not on statements of what â€Å"ought† to happen, what â€Å"we need† or â€Å"will need† to do or â€Å"must† or â€Å"should† do. We focused on statements made directly by the authors of the articles or reviews, rather than recapitulation of other authors unless the author or reviewer used it as part of her or his own larger assertion about what â€Å"will be.

The National Food Security Mission Environmental Sciences Essay

With the Stagnating nutrient grain production and an increasing ingestion demand of turning population of India, The National Development Council ( NDC ) on 29th May, 2007 in its 53rd meeting adopted the declaration to establish a Food Security Mission and with this consequence the Food Security Mission came into presence on August, 2007. In order to guarantee the nutrient security on a sustainable footing for its country-men, the strategy has targeted to increase the production of rice by 10 million dozenss, wheat by 8 million dozenss and pulsations by 2 million dozenss by the terminal of Eleventh Plan ( 2011-12 ) . It is a centrally Sponsored Scheme, taking to bridge the output spread through airing of improved engineerings and farm direction patterns. This strategy has an of import function in increasing the productiveness of nutrient grains of India, it has advantage over the green revolution as it is covering 17 provinces more than what green revolution covered. As we will see the impact it has made in increasing the productiveness in the ulterior portion of the study, the figures are optimistic and it will be able to accomplish its mark of increasing nutrient productiveness by the twelvemonth 2011-2012 to run into the demand of the turning population. Mission Aims Increase production of rice, wheat and pulsations through country enlargement and productivity-enhancement in a sustainable mode in the identified territories of the state. To increase the production of rice by 10 million dozenss, wheat by 8 million dozenss and pulsations by 2 million dozenss by the terminal of the Eleventh Plan ( 2011-12 ) . Restore dirt birthrate and productiveness at the single farm degree. Creation of employment chances ; and Enhance farm degree economic system ( i.e. farm net incomes ) to reconstruct assurance amongst the husbandmans. Fund Allotment The entire fund allocated to this strategy is 4880 crores for heightening the nutrient grain production of rice by 10 million metric tons, wheat by 8 million tones and pulsations by 2 million metric tons by 2011-12. It is for three harvests, which are rice, wheat and pulsations. Rice and wheat are the major cereals consumed in India and occupies 80 % of our cereal ingestion. Whereas pulsations include several â€Å" dekaliters â€Å" like garbanzo, pigeon pea ( tur ) , mung bean, urad bean, form portion of our basic diet and are the major beginning of protein. Scheme To accomplish the above aims, the Mission adopted following schemes: Active battle of all the stakeholders at assorted degrees Promotion and extension of improved engineerings i.e. , seed, Integrated Nutrient Management including micronutrients, dirt amendments, IPM and resource preservation engineerings along with capacity edifice of husbandmans Flow of fund will be monitored to guarantee that intercessions reach the mark donees on clip. Assorted intercessions proposed would be integrated with the territory program and marks for each identified territory would be fixed. Changeless monitoring and coincident rating for measuring the impact of the intercessions for a consequence oriented attack by the implementing bureaus. Mission Structure A. National Level A General Council ( GC ) will be constituted under the chairmanship of the Union Agriculture Minister. A Mission Director will be appointed at the national degree. The composing of the GC will be as under: Minister of Agriculture Chairman Secretary ( A & A ; C ) Member Secretary ( DARE ) & A ; DG ( ICAR ) Member Secretary, Ministry of Finance Member Adviser ( Agriculture ) , Planing Commission Member Agriculture Commissioner Member Mission Director Member Secretary The GC will be the policy doing organic structure supplying suited directives and counsel to the Mission and reexamining the overall advancement and development of the strategy. The GC will be empowered to lie down and amend the operational guidelines, make up one's mind need-based reallocation of resources across States and territories and O.K. undertakings as per the demands. However, the subsidy norms as approved by the Government shall in no fortunes be exceeded for any of the Mission constituents. The GC will run into at least twice a twelvemonth. A National Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( NFSMEC ) would be constituted under the chairmanship of Secretary, Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation to supervise the activities of the Mission and to O.K. the State Action Plans. The NFSMEC will consist the followers: Secretary ( A & A ; C ) Chairman Secretary ( DARE ) & A ; DG, ICAR Member Secretary, MOWR Member Secretary, Department of Fertilizers Member Adviser ( Agri ) , Planing Commission Member Agriculture Commissioner Member Five ( 5 ) experts on harvest production Member Mission Director Member Secretary Function of the NFSMEC will be to supervise the activities of the Mission and to O.K. the single State Action Plans. The Chairman may put up more members to the commission as per demand. The NFSMEC will run into one time in every one-fourth. A Particular Food Security Cell created in the Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation ( DAC ) will supply the necessary support to the GC and NFSMEC and will administrate the NFSM. NFSMEC will guarantee smooth functional linkages among different bureaus. NFSMEC shall, in the initial phases of the Mission, meet tri-monthly. Implementing bureaus involved in the executing of the Mission ‘s programme will be accountable to the NFSMEC. A National Food Security Mission Cell will be created in the Crops Division of DAC by redeploying officers/staff from within the Department. There would be three extra Commissioners one each for rice, wheat and pulsations and three Deputy Commissioners one each for the several harvests. Two Adjunct Commissioners, three Assistant Directors, three STAs and back uping staff will besides be placed in the Cell. B. State Level A State Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( SFSMEC ) will be constituted by the State Governments under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary to supervise the activities of the Mission in the State. Secretary ( Agriculture ) , Secretary ( Irrigation ) , Secretary ( Power ) and representatives from other Departments concerned, SAUs, ICAR Institutes, lead Bankss, etc. will be the members of the SFSMEC. A State Mission Director will be appointed in the graduated table of Director ( from within the State Government or outdoors ) . The fundamental law of the State Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( SFSMEC ) will be as follows: Chief Secretary of the State Chairman Secretary ( Agriculture ) Member Secretary ( Irrigation ) Member Secretary ( Power ) Member Vice Chancellor ( s ) of SAUs Member Director/Project Director of ICAR Institutes Member Representatives of Lead Bankss Member State Mission Director Member Secretary The State Governments will hold to put up or make a suited independent bureau registered under the Societies Registration Act for implementing the Mission at the State and territory degrees. The bureau therefore nominated will implement the Mission ‘s programme in the State. Such an bureau could be the State Agricultural Management & A ; Extension Training Institute ( SAMETI ) at the State Level and the Agriculture Technology Management Agency ( ATMA ) at the territory degree. Separate histories for the strategy would be maintained by the State and the District degree Agencies as per the Account codification prescribed by the NSFMEC. The one-year histories would be punctually audited by a hired comptroller every twelvemonth. The State Level Agency will hold the undermentioned duties: Prepare position and State Action Plan in consonant rhyme with the Mission ‘s ends and aims and in close coordination with State Agriculture Universities ( SAUs ) and ICAR Institutes. Organize / behavior baseline study and feasibleness surveies in the country of operation ( territory, sub-district or a group of territories ) to find the position of harvest production, its possible and demand. Similar surveies would besides be undertaken for other constituents of the programmes. Execution of the Mission ‘s programmes in the State through husbandmans societies, Non-Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) , agriculturists ‘ associations, self-help groups, State establishments and other similar entities. Organize workshops, seminars and developing programmes for husbandmans and other stakeholders at the State degree with the aid of State Agriculture Universities and ICAR Institutes in the district/State. Fundss would be straight received by it from the National Food Security Mission to put to death the sanctioned Action Plan for the State. C. District Level At the territory degree, the strategy will be implemented through the Agricultural Technology Management Agency ( ATMA ) . The State Level Agency will supply the needed financess to the District Level Agency for executing of the programme at the territory / block degree. A District Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( DFSMEC ) will be constituted for undertaking preparation, execution and monitoring of the strategy constituents through the District Agriculture Department. The District Collector or Chief Executive Officer of the Zilla Parishad ( as per bing norms of the State Government ) will be the president of the DFSMEC. DFSMEC will hold representatives from the line Departments concerned including SAUs, KVKs, ATMA, progressive husbandmans, self help groups of husbandmans and reputed NGOs as its members. The Deputy Director ( Agriculture ) / District Agriculture Officer will be the Member Secretary of the DFSMEC. The fundamental law of the DFSMEC will be as follows: District Collector/CEO of Zilla Parishad Chairman Representatives from line Departments Member Nominated progressive husbandmans Member Representatives from ego aid groups of husbandmans Member Representatives from reputed NGOs Member Representative of KVK / SAU in the District Member Project Director ATMA Member Deputy Director ( Agriculture ) /District Member Agricultural Officer Secretary Chairman, DFSMEC may put up other extra officials/persons of importance as felt necessary by him. D. Project Management Team A Project Management Team will be constituted at the National degree under the leading of Mission Director. A Project Management Team will be constituted at the State and the territory degree under the leading of a Project Manager drawn from the State Government. At the State degree, the Project Manager will be of the degree of a Director. At the territory degree, the undertaking director will be of the degree of a Deputy Director ( Agriculture ) or the District Agriculture Officer. The Project Management Team will be assisted by proficient experts to be appointed on contractual footing for engineering transportation and execution of the Mission. The Project Management Team will hold the duty to guarantee coaction among assorted line sections in the Centre / State to accomplish the marks. The assignment of proficient work force will be made on contract footing with the term of mention laid down for the intent by NFSMEC. The Project Management Team will supply the proficient services / advice. Honorarium to Project Management Team members will be fixed as per the extant fiscal norms. KVKs, SAUs and ICAR institutes working in the territory will supply proficient support in preparation of undertakings, its execution and monitoring. The proficient staff will be sourced from SAUs and their regional Centres located in the territories, KVKs, and ICAR institutes for leaving preparation to the husbandmans and extension forces involved in the execution and monitoring of the NFSM. The Project Management Team will hold the undermentioned duties: Guide the States/districts in organisational and proficient affairs. Aid in the execution and monitoring of the assorted intercessions of the NFSM. Help the States/districts in capacity edifice programmes and record the informations on harvest output through harvest cutting experiment samples. Help the territory and province bureaus in coincident rating based on instance surveies in identified territories and papers and circulate the success narratives. Undertake publicity/information run to advance the Mission aims. Monitoring System The National Food Security Mission will hold a strong mechanism of monitoring and rating with the engagement of all the implementing bureaus and the line sections. At the territory degree, monitoring will be undertaken by DFSMEC supported by the Project Management Team. Close monitoring of the physical and the fiscal marks of assorted plan intercessions would be done by the monitoring squads. Format for supervising these intercessions would be prescribed by NSFMEC. The State Department responsible for Economics and Statistics will be involved in accommodating the prescribed format for informations aggregation refering to different parametric quantities of the Mission for supervising to accommodate the local demands. At the State degree, the activities of the Mission will be monitored by a Committee to be constituted under the chairmanship of the State Mission Director with members from the line sections, SAUs, lead Bankss, ICAR institutes and the national harvest development directorates nodal for the State. At the National degree, the activities of the Mission will be monitored by a Committee to be constituted under the chairmanship of the Mission Director with members from Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, SAUs, Directorate of Rice, Wheat and Pulses Development, research establishments concerned and functionaries of State Departments concerned. Directorate of Rice/Wheat/ Pulses Development will be the convener of the Committees for the identified provinces, i.e. , the Directorate of Wheat Development for the northern States ; the Directorate of Rice Development for the eastern States ; and the Directorate of Pulses Development for the Central and the southern States. Reporting System The State Department of Agriculture will guarantee the entry of Quarterly Progress Reports ( QPR ) , which should make by the 10th of every 3rd month. Similarly, the elaborate Annual Progress Report ( APR ) should be sent to the Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture within three months after the terminal of the twelvemonth. One transcript of the studies of NFSM-Rice should be sent to the Directorate for Rice Development, Patna ; of NFSM-Wheat to the Directorate of Wheat Development, Ghaziabad and of NFSM-Pulses to the Directorate of Pulse Development, Bhopal with a transcript to the Mission Director. The formats for describing would be as prescribed by the NSFMEC. Evaluation System A baseline study will be conducted by the State Department responsible for Economics & A ; Statisticss to cognize the resource gifts of the husbandmans and the degree of productiveness. Coincident rating will be done every twelvemonth. The State Statistical Department would be responsible for carry oning this rating to measure the public presentation of the strategy in footings of its aims. In the 3rd twelvemonth of execution of the NFSM, a mid-term rating at the National Level will be undertaken through an independent agency/ organisation on its public presentation and defects so as to take the remedial steps / do required alterations in the strategy and its method of execution. An Impact Evaluation Study at the National Level will besides be undertaken through an independent bureau after the 3rd twelvemonth of execution to measure the impact of the strategy in increasing the productiveness of rice, wheat and pulsations, harvest variegation, and sweetening of husbandmans ‘ income. Information communicating engineering will be used for monitoring and rating of the Mission. Specialized tool/format/ package for the monitoring and rating of the Mission ‘s activities would be developed. Benefits to Farmers: Under this strategy the husbandmans are provided with the high giving up assortments of seeds, dirt amenders such as gypsum and calcium hydroxide and micronutrients, helps to add assorted machineries used for farming and aid for taking up Integrated Pest Control measures. Under this mission the expert tells the husbandmans about the new methods of agriculture, how different tools can be used to increase the productiveness and do agriculture easy through Farmers Field Schools and presentations. The strategy is really flexible and leaves adequate infinite for inventions at small town degree. Apart from the room given to the villagers for transporting out the activities as per their ain convenience, the local organic structures are allowed to be after as per their local demands therefore, continuing the spirit and holiness of local bodies/ panchayets establishments. About 10 % of the budget i.e. 420 crores is allotted for this intent. A fund of Rs1 crore per territory holding a individual mission harvest, 2 crores per territory holding more than one mission harvests is provided. Since the strategy has focused to increase the productiveness of wheat, rice and pulsations so, it came up with many intercessions in order to accomplish its mission. Some of the major intercessions that have been planned are given below given: Interventions-Rice, Wheat and Pulses Demonstration-In order to make the consciousness about the improved farm patterns presentation of the improved patterns of rice and wheat, SRI and intercrossed rice will be conducted at husbandman ‘s field. The figure of presentation will be about 1/5th of the entire figure of 11th five-year program but merely one presentation will be given to the husbandman. The presentations will be conducted in the immediate block by spliting the field in two blocks, one for the improved patterns and other by the husbandman ‘s patterns. This will be done in coaction with the State Department of Agriculture, State Agriculture Universities, ICAR Institutes, Krishi Vikas Kendra and NGO ‘s working in this field. But before all these choice of beneficiary husbandmans, choice of site and dirt analysis will be done. System of Rice Intensification and Hybrid Rice Technology- The presentation of SRI and intercrossed rice engineering will be conducted on husbandman ‘s field holding assured irrigation installation and proviso of drainage. Fiscal Aid for production of seed-Financial aid will be provided for the production of seed of intercrossed rice and certified seeds of improved assortments of pulsations. The production will be done under the Seed Committee of NFSM under the chairmanship of Agriculture Commissioner, Govt. of India. In order to run into the mark of covering 3 million hour angle. country under intercrossed rice, 4.5lakhs quintal intercrossed seed will be produced. The subsidy is besides given by the govt. to the production units. The aid for administering the Hybrid/ HVY seeds of rice, wheat and pulsations will besides be given and public every bit good as private bureaus will be made the portion of distribution. Seed Minikit Programme of Rice and Wheat-This programme was aimed at presenting and popularising the latest released/ pre-released varieties/ loanblends among the husbandmans. The size of the minikit made will be 10kg each for wheat, 5kg for HVY of rice and 8kg for Hybrid rice but merely the new released/ loanblend will be distributed which should non be older than 5 old ages. It was decided that one minikit for every 50ha country of rice and wheat will be distributed. These minikits will be distributed by NSC/ SFCI/ SAUs. Strengthening the Infrastructure for Pulses Breeder Seed Production of ICAR-In order to beef up the substructure the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur was made the nodal bureau. It was provided with the fiscal aid in order to beef up the breeder seed production substructure including contractual work force on project footing. State Seed Corporation/ NSC/SFCI/NAFED/IFFCO and other seed bring forthing bureaus will be explicating Annual Seed Production program for production of foundation and certified pulse seeds. Alimentary Management and usage of Soil Ameliorants-Management of foods and dirt ameliorants will be implemented by the State Development of Agriculture. The All India Soil and Land Use Survey will be the nodal bureau for designation of the precedence countries for execution. Mechanization- Mechanization in the rice, wheat and pulsation will be assisting the husbandmans in the timely completion of the field operation and increase their efficiency, this in bend will conserve the cost of cultivation. Tractor drawn seed drill for wheat and pulsations will assist the beneficiary to cover the big countries in a short period. Distribution of Sprinkler Sets for Wheat and Pulses-It was planned to increase the irrigated country under pulsations from 16 % to 21 % and heighten the irrigation efficiency in NFSM-Wheat territories through the distribution of Sprinkler Sets. Analysis of Effect of NFSM on the production of Rice, Wheat and pulsations in the twelvemonth 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009. Main aims of NFSM are: 20 million dozenss of extra nutrient grains to be produced ; 10 of rice, 8 of wheat and 2 of Pulsations: We have non yet reached to that degree but we are seeking to catch up really shortly. An spending of Rs. 4883 crores provided over a period of five old ages, 2007-08 to 2011-12 312 territories to be covered in 17 States that are holding really high output spreads 20 MHa of Rice, 13 MHa of Wheat and 17 MHa of Pulses, covering approximately 40 % of cropped country for focussed attending Signs of Change: Improved production and productiveness during 07-08 & A ; 08-09 State specific specializations- Many province developed their ain specialisations for e.g. Tamil Nadu- SRI ; Orissa and A.P- Documentation of presentations Improvement of productiveness by more than 50 % in some territories of Bihar, M.P where the original productiveness is much lesser than the province productiveness. Encouragement to new farm practices-Nearly 2.35 lakh presentations of improved assortments of rice and wheat, SRI of rice and intercrossed rice About 47.83 lakh quintals of high giving variety/ intercrossed seed of rice, wheat, pulsations were distributed. About 12.0 lakh hectares of country treated with dirt micro foods ( gypsum/lime/micronutrients ) to reconstruct dirt birthrate About 9.7 lakh hour angle of farm land treated under Integrated Pest Management About 4.3 lakh farm implements distributed Capacity edifice of the husbandmans through about 14535 Farmers Field Schools arranged at farm degree About 55,000 husbandmans are benefited through resource preservation engineerings Tabular analysis of benefits for husbandmans. S.No End product Area covered Farmers benefited 1 2.35 lakh presentations About 1 lakh hac 2.35 lakh husbandman 2 7.5 lakh qtls of Rice HYV distributed 8 lakh hac of rice country of NFSM territories covered About 12 lakh husbandmans 3 About 13000 qtls of intercrossed rice distributed 86000 hac is covered About 57000 husbandmans 4 34.5 lakh qtls of wheat HYV distributed 34.5 hundred thousand hac 23 hundred thousand husbandmans 5 5.7 lakh hac of pulsations seed distributed 14.25 lakh hac covered 9.5 hundred thousand husbandmans 6 About 12 lakh hac treated with gypsum/lime/micronutrients 12.0 hundred thousand hac 9.0 hundred thousand husbandmans 7 9.7 lakh hour angle of farm land treated under Integrated Pest Management 9.7 hundred thousand hac 6.5 hundred thousand husbandmans 8 4.3 lakh farm implements distributed 4.3 hundred thousand husbandmans 9 Capacity edifice of the husbandmans through about 14535 Farmers Field Schools 4.5 hundred thousand husbandmans 10 Entire About 1 million About 72 lakh husbandmans Analysis of Different Food Grains during 2007-08 and 2008 – 09 Wheat production in 2007-08: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 78.57million dozenss of wheat ; about 2.8 million dozenss more than 06-07 Production in NFSM territories is 35.8 million dozenss in 2007-08 Compared to 35.16 million dozenss in 2006-07 Wheat productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Maharashtra 14.6 % ; Gujarat 6.6 % ; Bihar 14.1 % punjab 6.6 % ; UP 2.9 % ; WB 1 % Wheat production in 08-09: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 77.63 million metric tons of wheat ; about 1.82 metric tons more than 2006-07 Wheat productiveness addition over 2007-08 in NFSM territories: Up 1.92 % ; WB 5.22 % ; Bihar 1.6 % ; Haryana 2.7 % ; M.P.7.2 % ; Rajasthan 14.6 % Wheat productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Punjab 5.6 % ; UP 5 % ; WB 6.2 % ; Bihar 16.4 % ; Rajasthan 1.2 % Overall View of the production alteration Against the mark of 8 million metric tons of extra wheat production, 1.8 million metric tons of wheat production is achieved as per 3rd estimation 2008-09. Analysis of Rice production in 2007-2008: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 96.69 million metric tons of rice ; about 3.34million dozenss more than 06-07 ( 93.39 million metric tons ) Rice productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: AP 19.6 % ; Gujarat 35 % ; Production in 2008-09: Significant function of NSFM in bring forthing 99.37 million metric tons of rice during 2008-09 ( 3rd progress estimations ) ; about 2.7 million metric tons more than 2007-08 Rice productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: AP 15.3 % ; Bihar 27.7 % ; MP 44 % ; WB 3.7 % Rice productiveness addition over 2007-08 in NFSM territories: Bihar 70 % ; MP 64 % ; TN 9.2 % ; UP 6.5 % Overall View of the Production Against the mark of 10 million metric tons of extra rice production, 6 million metric tons of rice production is achieved ( basal twelvemonth 2006-07 ) As per 3rd estimation of 2008-09 Analysis of Pulses Production in 2007-08: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 14.76 million metric tons of pulsations ; about 0.6million metric tons more than 06-07 ( 14.2 million metric tons ) Assets productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Gujarat 39 % Bihar 13 % ; A.P 9 % Analysis of pulse production in 2008-09: Assets productiveness addition over 2007-08 in NFSM territories: TN 19. % ; Rajasthan & gt ; 100 % ; Punjab 18 % ; Haryana 66 % ; AP 20 % assets productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Rajasthan 65 % ; Punjab 3 % ; Haryana 0.25 % ; AP 30 % , So if we critically analyze the above findings we can state that it has done a good occupation when we consider a short period. However there are many other factors which will and are non leting NFSM to be effectual. Some of the grounds are evidently bureaucracy and other political factors, other factors include societal factors as deficiency of enterprise from people themselves. Analyzing the Working of the scheme State-Wise: To acquire more elaborate and clear image of the working and betterment made boulder clay now, we will analyze the strategy province wise. The studies of the provinces are as follows: Andhra Pradesh: There was addition in the country under Kharif rice over the normal rice. Despite of heavy rains, and loss of grains, province managed to feed its people. Chhattisgarh: Mission manager stated that no extra financess would be required as they are using the financess decently and due to lift in production husbandmans are taking enterprises themselves. Gujerat: An sum of Rs. 12.07 crores was spent as on 15.12.2010 against approved program sum of Rs.25.98 crores and 100 % outgo was anticipated by the terminal of season. Mysores: An country of 11.03 lakh Hectors was covered under Kharif rice against mark of 10.55 lakhs Hectors and country of 16.72 lakh hectares against mark of 15.10 hundred thousand under Kharif pulsations was covered. Similarly 90.94 lakh tones of Kharif nutrient grains were done as against 87.27 hundred thousand. Kerala: 2064 minikits were supplied to the husbandmans. Changeless proficient aid was provided to the husbandmans. But merely one territory is included in the mission, the PMT support was non provided to the province. Maharashtra: 17019 minikits of rice and 7124 minikits of wheat were supplied against the allotment of 18008 and 7108 minikits of rice and wheat severally. 91160 minikits of pulse harvest were supplied against the allotment of 92160 minikits. Madhya Pradesh: Outgo of Rs.4.52 crores and 16 crores was incurred under Rice and Pulses during Khaiff. There was 15 % addition in the overall production of nutrient grains. Orrisa: Presently 15 territories are included but they are be aftering to increase it to 30 within 2-4 old ages. Rajasthan: State reported 55 % outgo under wheat and 43 % under pulsations constituent of NFSM. Tamil nadu: This province has spent 100 % of the allocated financess, which was Rs.29.94 crores under rice and pulsations. State saw a important betterment in the quality of dirt due to outdo agriculture patterns being used under the mission. West Bengal: This province was non able to pass every bit much as it was given to it but so besides in has seen a quite growing in the production of nutrient grains. From the above analysis done for the different provinces where the programme was carried out in full swing, we can state that the National Food Security Mission is working really successfully in many provinces as it has helped in increasing the productiveness per Hector of the irrigated land. But we besides saw that in some provinces the mission`s aim is non fulfilled, as the provinces are non able to utilize the financess allocated to them or they are non able to pull off good the husbandmans land or they are non able to administer the seeds to the husbandmans in the needed ratio. But looking into its overall public presentation we can state that if it keeps bettering its working so it can easy accomplish its aim in the span of 5 old ages. Comparison of NFSM between Andhra Pradesh and Orissa The National Food Security Mission ( NFSM ) is in operation in 17 provinces of the state including Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Andhra Pradesh National Food Security Mission-Rice ( NFSM-Rice ) is being implemented in 11 territories of the province and National Food Security Mission -Pulses ( NFSM-Pulses ) is being implemented in 14 territories of the province. Present Status of nidation of NFSM in State On the footing of the proposal received from the State Government of Andhra Pradesh for execution of NFSM-Rice and NFSM-Pulses during Rabi, 2007-08, a entire sum of Rs. 4481.83 hundred thousand ( dwelling of an sum of Rs. 1594.83 lakhs under NFSM-Rice, Rs. 2811.00 hundred thousand for NFSM-Pulses and Rs. 76.00 hundred thousand for Publicity ) have been allocated. The entire sum of Rs. 4461.83 hundred thousand has been released. For other old ages the information has been mentioned in the below given tabular array, which compares the allotment of NFSM amongst different provinces. Degree centigrades: UsersDhirajDesktopNFSMstates.jpg In twelvemonth 2009-10, Andhra Pradesh has been allocated Rs. 12791 Lakhs under NFSM and for the twelvemonth 2010-11 it was allocated Rs. 6401 Lakhs. Advancement: The State has reported the outgo of Rs. 1053.64 lakh under NFSM Rice and Rs. 2403.00 lakhs under NFSM-Pulses, so far. The high values of fund allotment show that Andhra Pradesh has made a important advancement over the old ages in Food Security. Constraints: Since the NFSM has been launched from Rabi, 2007-08, no province has indicated restraints so far. Orissa National Food Security Mission-Rice ( NFSM-Rice ) is being implemented in 15 territories of the province and National Food Security Mission -Pulses ( NFSM-Pulses ) is being implemented in 10 territories of the province. Present Status of NFSM in State: On the footing of the proposal received from the State Government of Orissa for execution of NFSM-Rice and NFSM-Pulses during Rabi, 2007-08, an sum of Rs. 645.860 lakhs under NFSM-Rice and Rs. 456.760 hundred thousand for NFSM-Pulses have been allocated. Besides, an sum of Rs. 31.00 hundred thousand has besides been allocated to State for Publicity Campaign. In 2010-11, the fund allotment for execution of NFSM has been significantly high. The entire sum of fund allotment is Rs. 3714 Crores, out of which Rs. 894 Crores is for the Pulses and Rs. 2820 Crores is for the Rice. The information has been shared in the above tabular array. For other old ages, as can be seen from the tabular array below, in 2009-10, Orissa had a fund allotment of Rs. 43.1 crores in entire out of which Rs. 2.03 Crores was for Publicity Campaign. Degree centigrades: UsersDhirajDesktopUntitled.jpg Advancement: As per the authorities web site, no advancement has been reported by the province so far. But we can see from Table 1 that over the old ages the fund allotment has improved and good sum of work has been done for nutrient security in the province of Orissa. Constraints: Since the NFSM has been launched from Rabi, 2007-08, no province has indicated restraints so far. Comparison: The province of Orissa has far lesser fund allotment every bit far as NFSM is concerned in comparing to Andhra Pradesh. As per the statistics available on the web site and covered in Table 1, Andhra Pradesh was allocated a entire fund of Rs. 8181 Crores in 2008-09 in comparing to Orissa ‘s Rs. 6252 Crores of allocated fund during the same clip period. In 2009-10, financess deserving Rs. 12791 Crores were allocated for nutrient security in Andhra Pradesh in comparing to Orissa ‘s Rs. 6279 Crores. This besides shows that year-on-year growing in allotment of NFSM financess has seen growing for Andhra Pradesh but it is about the same for Orissa. Critical Analysis In a command to bolster India ‘s nutrient security scenario, the National Food Security Mission ( NFSM ) has been implemented in 476 Districts of 17 States in India since its origin. The chief thought behind NFSM is to accomplish an extra production of 20 million dozenss of nutrient grains — 10 million dozenss of rice, 8 million dozenss of wheat and 2 million dozenss of pulsations — by the terminal of Eleventh five-year program ( 2011-12 ) . There have been many focused and aim orientated technological intercessions under NFSM which has made a important impact since its origin which is reflected by the fact that the production of rice, wheat and pulsations is increased from 93.35 million dozenss, 75.81 million dozenss and 14.20 million dozenss in 2006-07 to 94.01 million dozenss, 81.47 million dozenss and 16.51 million dozenss severally in 2010-11 as per 2nd progress estimation. NFSM-Rice: The NFSM-Rice is implemented in 138 territory of 14 States, i.e. , Andhra Pradesh ( 11districts ) , Assam ( 13districts ) , Bihar ( 18 territories ) , Chhattisgarh ( 10 territories ) , Gujarat ( 2 territories ) , Jharkhand ( 7 territories ) , Karnataka ( 7 territories ) , Kerala ( 1 territory ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 9 territories ) , Maharashtra ( 6 territories ) , Orissa ( 15 territories ) , Tamil Nadu ( 5 territories ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 26 territories ) and West Bengal ( 8 territories ) . NFSM-Wheat: The NFSM-Wheat is implemented in 141 territories of 9 States i.e. Bihar ( 25 territories ) , Gujarat ( 4 territories ) , Haryana ( 7 territories ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 30 territories ) , Maharasthra ( 8 territories ) , Punjab ( 10 territories ) , Rajasthan ( 15 territories ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 38 territories ) and West Bengal ( 4 territories ) . NFSM-Pulses: Under NFSM-Pulses, 467 territories of 16 State are included. All the territories in 4 provinces of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and 10 territories of Assam and 15 territories of Jharkhand are included under NFSM-Pulses. One of the defects with the NFSM is its position to supply modern engineering through the above mentioned intercessions to little and fringy husbandmans. This proposal is non practical in the sense that the usage of modern engineering by little husbandmans will non be economically feasible. This proposal of NFSM is hence, contradictory itself, since modern engineering can be implemented in large- sized farms merely.